Tri-substituted phenyl derivatives and processes for their preparation

ABSTRACT

Tri-substituted phenyl derivatives and processes for their preparation. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds have the general formula (1) ##STR1## wherein L may be --OR; Z may be --C(R 3 )(R 4 )--C(R 5 )(R 6 )(R 7 ); R may be an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group; R 3 , R 6  and R 7  may be hydrogen; R 4  may be --(CH 2 ) t  --Ar--(L 1 ) n  --Ar&#39;; R 5  may be --(CH 2 ) t  Ar; Ar may be a monocyclic or bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl group; L 1  may be a divalent linking group; and Ar&#39; is Ar or an Ar containing group. Compounds of the invention may be potent and selective phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitors and are useful in the prophylaxis and treatment of various diseases, such as asthma, which are associated with an unwanted inflammatory response or muscular spasm.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/492,639, filed Jun. 20, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,354.

This invention relates to a novel series of tri-substituted phenyl derivatives, to processes for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to their use in medicine.

Many hormones and neurotransmitters modulate tissue function by elevating intra-cellular levels of adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). The cellular levels of cAMP are regulated by mechanisms which control synthesis and breakdown. The synthesis of cAMP is controlled by adenyl cyclase which may be directly activated by agents such as forskolin or indirectly activated by the binding of specific agonists to cell surface receptors which are coupled to adenyl cyclase. The breakdown of cAMP is controlled by a family of phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes, which also control the breakdown of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). To date, seven members of the family have been described (PDE I-VII) the distribution of which varies from tissue to tissue. This suggests that specific inhibitors of PDE isoenzymes could achieve differential elevation of cAMP in different tissues, [for reviews of PDE distribution, structure, function and regulation, see Beavo & Reifsnyder (1990) TIPS, 11: 150-155 and Nicholson et al (1991) TIPS, 12: 19-27].

There is clear evidence that elevation of cAMP in inflammatory leukocytes leads to inhibition of their activation. Furthermore, elevation of cAMP in airway smooth muscle has a spasmolytic effect. In these tissues, PDE IV plays a major role in the hydrolysis of cAMP. It can be expected, therefore, that selective inhibitors of PDE IV would have therapeutic effects in inflammatory diseases such as asthma, by achieving both anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects.

The design of PDE IV inhibitors has met with limited success to date, in that many of the potential PDE IV inhibitors which have been synthesised have lacked potency and/or have been capable of inhibiting more than one type of PDE isoenzyme in a non-selective manner. Lack of a selective action has been a particular problem given the widespread role of cAMP in vivo and what is needed are potent selective PDE IV inhibitors with an inhibitory action against PDE IV and little or no action against other PDE isoenzymes.

We have now found a novel series of tri-substituted phenyl derivatives, members of which are potent inhibitors of PDE IV at concentrations at which they have little or no inhibitory action on other PDE isoenzymes. These compounds inhibit the human recombinant PDE IV enzyme and also elevate cAMP in isolated leukocytes. The compounds of the invention are therefore of use in medicine, especially in the prophylaxis and treatment of asthma.

Thus according to one aspect of the invention, we provide a compound of formula (1) ##STR2## wherein ═W-- is (1)═C(Y)-- where Y is a halogen atom, or an alkyl or --XR^(a) group where X is --O--, --S(O)_(m) -- [where m is zero or an integer of value 1 or 2], or --N(R^(b))-- [where R^(b) is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group] and R^(a) is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group or, (2)═N--;

L is a --XR, [where R is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cyloalkenyl group], --C(R¹¹)═C(R¹)(R²) or [--CH(R¹¹)]_(n) CH(R¹)(R²) group where R¹¹ is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom or a methyl group, and R¹ and R², which may be the same or different, is each a hydrogen or fluorine atom or an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, --CO₂ R⁸, [where R⁸ is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group], --CONR⁹ R¹⁰ [where R⁹ and R¹⁰, which may be the same or different are as defined for R⁸ ], --CSNR⁹ R¹⁰, --CN or --NO₂ group, or R¹ and R² together with the C atom to which they are attached are linked to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group and n is zero or the integer 1;

Z is a group (A), or (B): ##STR3## wherein R³ is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group, or a hydroxyl group;

R⁴ is a hydrogen atom or group --(CH₂)_(t) Ar [where t is zero or an integer 1, 2 or 3 and Ar is a monocyclic or bicyclic aryl group, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms] or a group --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar' [where L¹ is a divalent linking group and Ar' is Ar, --COAr, --SO₂ Ar, --SO₂ NHAr, --SO₂ N(Alk¹)Ar [where Alk¹ is a straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene or C₂₋₆ alkynylene chain optionally interrupted by one, two or three --O-- or --S-- atoms or --S(O)p-- (where p is an integer 1 or 2) or --N(R^(b))-- groups], --SO₂ N[Ar]₂, --CONHAr, --CON(Alk¹)Ar, --CON[Ar]₂, --NAlk¹ SO₂ Ar, --NHSO₂ Ar, --N[SO₂ Ar]₂, --NHSO₂ NHAr, --NAlk¹ SO₂ NHAr, --NHSO₂ N(Alk¹)Ar, --NAlk¹ SO₂ NAlk¹ Ar, --NHSO₂ N[Ar]₂, --NAlk¹ SO₂ N[Ar]₂, --NHC(O)Ar, --NAlk¹ C(O)Ar, --N[C(O)Ar]₂, --NHC(O)NHAr, --NAlk¹ C(O)NHAr, --NHC(O)N(Alk¹)Ar, --NAlk¹ C(O)N(Alk¹)Ar, --NHC(O)OAr, --NAlk¹ C(O)OAr, --C(S)NHAr, --C(S)NAlk¹ Ar, --C(S)NAlk¹ Ar, --C(S)N[Ar]₂, --NHC(S)Ar, --NAlk¹ C(S)Ar, --N[C(S)Ar]₂, --NHC(S)NHAr, --NAlk¹ C(S)NHAr, --NHC(S)NAlk¹ Ar, --NAlk¹ C(S)Nalk¹ Ar, --SO₂ NHet [where --NHet is an optionally substituted C₅₋₇ heterocyclic amino group optionally containing one or more other --O-- or --S-- atoms or --N(R^(b))--, --C(O)-- or --C(S)-- groups], --CONHet, --CSNHet, --NHSO₂ NHet, --NHC(O)NHet, --NHC(S)NHet, --SO₂ NH(Het') [where Het' is an optionally substituted C₅₋₇ monocyclic carbocyclic group optionally containing one or more --O-- or --S-- atoms or --N(R^(b))-- groups], --CONH(Het'), --CSNH(Het'), --NHSO₂ NH(Het'), --NHC(O)NHHet' or --NHC(S)NHHet'];

R⁵ is a --(CH₂)_(t) Ar or --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar' group, provided that when R⁵ is a --(CH₂)_(t) Ar group, ═W-- is ═C(Y)-- and L is --XR, then R⁴ is a group --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) Ar';

R⁶ is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an optionally substituted alkyl group;

R⁷ is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group or an OR^(c) group where R^(c) is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl or alkenyl group, or an alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, formyl, carboxamido or thiocarboxamido group; and the salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof.

It will be appreciated that certain compounds of formula (1) may have one or more chiral centres, depending on the nature of the groups L, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷. Where one or more chiral centres is present, enantiomers or diastereomers may exist, and the invention is to be understood to extend to all such enantiomers, diastereomers and mixtures thereof, including racemates.

Compounds of formula (1) wherein L is a --C(R¹¹)═C(R¹)(R²) group and/or Z is the group (B), may exist as geometric isomers depending on the nature of the groups R¹, R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R¹¹ and the invention is to be understood to extend to all such isomers and mixtures thereof.

In the compounds of formula (1), when ═W-- is ═C(Y)-- and Y is a halogen atom Y may be for example a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.

When W in the compounds of formula (1) is a group ═C(Y)-- and Y is --XR^(a), R^(a) may be, for example, a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group, for example, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group, such as a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or i-propyl group. Optional substituents which may be present on R^(a) groups include one or more halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, or chlorine atoms. Particular R^(a) groups include for example --CH₂ F, --CH₂ Cl, --CHF₂, --CHCl₂, --CF₃ or --CCl₃ groups.

When ═W-- in the compounds of formula (1) is a group ═C(Y)-- where --Y is --N(R^(b)), ═W-- may be a ═C(NH₂)--, ═C(NHCH₃)- or =C(NHC₂ H₅)-- group.

In compounds of formula (1), X may be an oxygen or a sulphur atom, or a group --S(O)--, --S(O)₂ --, --NH-- or C₁₋₆ alkylamino, for example a C₁₋₃ alkylamino, e.g. methylamino [--N(CH₃)--] or ethylamino [--N(C₂ H₅)--] group.

Alkyl groups represented by Y, R, R¹, R², or R^(b) in the compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkyl groups optionally interrupted by one or more X atoms or groups. Particular examples include C₁₋₃ alkyl groups such as methyl or ethyl groups. Optional substituents on these groups include one, two or three substituents selected from halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, or hydroxyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy e.g. C₁₋₃ alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy or --CO₂ R⁸, --CONR⁹ R¹⁰, --CSNR⁹ R¹⁰ or --CN groups.

Alkenyl groups represented by R, R¹ or R² in the compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C₂₋₆ alkenyl groups optionally interrupted by one or more X atoms or groups. Particular examples include ethenyl, propen-1-yl and 2-methylpropen-1-yl groups. Optional substituents include those described above in relation to alkyl groups represented by the groups R¹ or R².

Alkynyl groups represented by R¹ or R² in compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C₂₋₆ alkynyl groups optionally interrupted by one or more X atoms or groups. Particular examples include ethynyl and propyn-1-yl groups. Optional substituents include those described above in relation to alkyl groups represented by the groups R¹ or R².

When R¹ or R² in compounds of formula (1) is an alkoxy or alkylthio group it may be for example an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkylthio group optionally interrupted by one or more X atoms or groups. Particular examples include C₁₋₃ alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, or C₁₋₃ alkylthio e.g. methylthio or ethylthio groups. Optional substituents include those described above in relation to alkyl groups represented by the groups R¹ or R².

When R¹ and R² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached in the compounds of formula (1) are linked to form a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group, the group may be for example a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl group such as a cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group or a C₃₋₈ cycloalkenyl group containing for example one or two double bonds such as a 2-cyclobuten-1-yl, 2-cyclopenten-1-yl, 3-cyclopenten-1-yl, 2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl, 2-cyclohexen-1-yl, 3-cyclohexen-1-yl, 2,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl or 3,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl group, each cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group being optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents selected from halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkyl e.g. C₁₋₃ alkyl such as methyl or ethyl, hydroxyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy e.g. C₁₋₃ alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy groups.

When R in the compounds of formula (1) is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group it may be for example a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl group such as a cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group or a C₃₋₈ cycloalkenyl group containing for example one or two double bonds such as a 2-cyclobuten-1-yl, 2-cyclopenten-1-yl, 3-cyclopenten-1-yl, 2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl, 2-cyclohexen-1-yl, 3-cyclohexen-1-yl, 2,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl or 3,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl group, each cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group being optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents selected from halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkyl e.g. C₁₋₃ alkyl such as methyl or ethyl, hydroxyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy e.g. C₁₋₃ alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy groups.

When the group R⁷ in compounds of formula (1) is an OR^(c) group it may be for example a hydroxyl group; or a group --OR^(c) where R^(c) is an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkyl group, e.g. a C₁₋₃ alkyl group such as a methyl or ethyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group such as an ethenyl or 2-propen-1-yl group, a C₁₋₃ alkoxyC₁₋₃ alkyl group such as a methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl or ethoxyethyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, e.g. C₁₋₃ alkanoyl group such as an acetyl group, or a formyl [HC(O)--], carboxamido (CONR¹² R^(12a)) or thiocarboxamido (CSNR¹² R^(12a)) group, where R¹² and R^(12a) in each instance may be the same or different and is each a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g. C₁₋₃ alkyl group such as methyl or ethyl group. Optional substituents which may be present on such R^(c), R¹² or R^(12a) groups include those described below in relation to the alkyl groups R⁶ or R⁷.

Alkyl groups represented by R³, R⁶ or R⁷ in compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkyl groups, e.g. C₁₋₃ alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or i-propyl groups. Optional substituents which may be present on these groups include one or more halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, or hydroxyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy e.g. C₁₋₃ alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy groups.

When the group R⁶ in compounds of formula (1) is a halogen atom it may be for example a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.

When R¹ or R² is a --CO₂ R⁸, --CONR⁹ R¹⁰ or CSNR9R¹⁰ group it may be for example a --CO₂ H, --CONH₂ or --CSNH₂ group or a group --CO₂ R⁸, --CONR⁹ R¹⁰, --CSNR⁹ R¹⁰, --CONHR¹⁰, or --CSNHR¹⁰ where R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ where present is a C₁₋₃ alkyl group such as methyl or ethyl group, a C₆₋₁₂ aryl group, for example an optionally substituted phenyl, or a 1- or 2-naphthyl group, or a C₆₋₁₂ aryl C₁₋₃ alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzyl or phenethyl group. Optional substituents which may be present on these aryl groups include R¹³ substituents discussed below in relation to the group Ar.

In the compounds of formula (1), the groups --(CH₂)_(t) Ar and --(CH₂)_(t) Ar(L¹)_(n) Ar' when present may be --Ar, --CH₂ Ar, --(CH₂)₂ Ar, --(CH₂)₃ Ar--, --Ar--Ar', --Ar--L¹ --Ar', --CH₂ ArAr', --CH₂ ArL¹ Ar', --(CH₂)₂ ArAr', --(CH₂)₂ ArL¹ Ar', --(CH₂)₃ ArAr' or --(CH₂)₃ ArL¹ Ar' groups.

Monocyclic or bicyclic aryl groups represented by the group Ar or Ar' in compounds of formula (1) include for example C₆₋₁₂ optionally substituted aryl groups, for example optionally substituted phenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl, indenyl or isoindenyl groups.

When the monocyclic or bicyclic aryl group Ar or Ar' contains one or more heteroatoms, Ar or Ar' may be for example a C₁₋₉ optionally substituted heteroaryl group containing for example one, two, three or four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms. In general, Ar or Ar' heteroaryl groups may be for example monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl groups. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups include for example five- or six-membered heteroaryl groups containing one, two, three or four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups include for example nine- or ten- membered heteroaryl groups containing one, two or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms.

Examples of heteroaryl groups represented by Ar or Ar' include pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, N-methylimidazolyl, N-ethylimidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, benzofuryl, isobenzofuryl, benzothienyl, isobenzothienyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl, pyrido[3,4-b]pyridyl, pyrido[3,2-b]pyridyl, pyrido[4,3-b]pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinyl and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl. Example of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl groups.

The heteroaryl group represented by Ar or Ar' may be attached to the remainder of the molecule of formula (1) through any ring carbon or heteroatom as appropriate. Thus, for example, when the group Ar or Ar' is a pyridyl group it may be a 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl or 4-pyridyl group. When it is a thienyl group it may be a 2-thienyl or 3-thienyl group, and, similarly, when it is a furyl group it may be a 2-furyl or 3-furyl group. In another example, when the group Ar or Ar' is a quinolinyl group it may be a 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8- quinolinyl and when it is an isoquinolinyl, it may be a 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-isoquinolinyl group.

When in compounds of formula (1) the Ar or Ar' group is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle it may be possible to form quaternary salts, for example N-alkyl quaternary salts and the invention is to be understood to extend to such salts. Thus for example when the group Ar or Ar' is a pyridyl group, pyridinium salts may be formed, for example N-alkylpyridinium salts such as N-methylpyridinium.

The aryl or heteroaryl groups represented by Ar or Ar' in compounds of formula (1) may each optionally be substituted by one, two, three or more substituents [R¹³ ]. The substituent R¹³ may be selected from an atom or group R¹⁴ or --Alk² (R¹⁴)_(m) wherein R¹⁴ is a halogen atom, or an amino (--NH₂), substituted amino, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl (--OH), substituted hydroxyl, cycloalkoxy, formyl [HC(O)--], carboxyl (--CO₂ H), esterified carboxyl, thiol (--SH), substituted thiol, --C(O)Alk², --SO₃ H, --SO₂ Alk², --SO₂ NH₂, --SO₂ NHAlk², --SO₂ N[Alk² ]₂, --CONH₂, --CONHAlk², CON[Alk² ]₂, --NHSO₂ H, --NAlk² SO₂ H, --NHSO₂ Alk², --NAlk² SO₂ Alk², --N[SO₂ Alk² ]₂, --NHSO₂ NH₂, --NAlk² SO₂ NH₂, --NHSO₂ NHAlk², --NAlk² SO₂ NHAlk², --NHSO₂ N[Alk² ]₂, --NAlk² SO₂ N[Alk² ]₂, --NHC(O)H, --NHC(O)Alk², --NAlk² C(O)H, --NAlk² C(O)Alk², --N[C(O)Alk² ]₂, --NHC(O)OH, --NHC(O)OAlk², --NAlk² C(O)OH, --NAlk² C(O)OAlk², --NHCONH₂, --NHCONHAlk², --NHCON[Alk² ]₂, --NAlk² CON[Alk² ]₂, --NAlk² CONH[Alk² ], --NAlk² CONH₂, --C(S)H, --C(S)Alk², --CSNH₂, --CSNHAlk², --CSN[Alk² ]₂, --NHC(S)H, --NHCSAlk², --NAlk² C(S)H, --NAlk² C(S)Alk², --N[C(S)Alk² ]₂, --N[C(O)Alk² ]SO₂ H, --NHCSNH₂, --NHCSNHAlk², --NHCSN[Alk² ]₂, --NAlk² CSN[Alk² ]₂, --NAlk² CSNHAlk², --NAlk² CSNH₂, or --N[C(O)Alk² ]SO₂ Alk² group, Alk² is a straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, or C₂₋₆ alkynylene chain optionally interrupted by one, two, or three --O--, or --S-- atoms or --S(O)p-, [where p is an integer 1 or 2] or --N(R⁸)-- groups; and m is zero or an integer 1, 2 or 3.

When in the group --Alk² (R¹⁴)_(m) m is an integer 1, 2 or 3, it is to be understood that the substituent or substituents R¹⁴ may be present on any suitable carbon atom in --Alk². Where more than one R¹⁴ substituent is present these may be the same or different and may be present on the same or different carbon atom in Alk². Clearly, when m is zero and no substituent R¹⁴ is present or when Alk² forms part of a group such as --SO₂ Alk² the alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene chain represented by Alk² becomes an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group.

When R¹⁴ is a substituted amino group it may be a group --NH[Alk² (R^(14a))_(m) ] [where Alk² and m are as defined above and R^(14a) is as defined above for R¹⁴ but is not a substituted amino, a substituted hydroxyl or a substituted thiol group] or a group --N[Alk² (R^(14a))_(m) ]₂ wherein each --Alk² (R^(14a))_(m) group is the same or different.

When R¹⁴ is a halogen atom it may be for example a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.

When R¹⁴ is a cycloalkoxy group it may be for example a C₅₋₇ cycloalkoxy group such as a cyclopentyloxy or cyclohexyloxy group.

When R¹⁴ is a substituted hydroxyl or substituted thiol group it may be a group --OAlk² (R^(14a))_(m) or --SAlk² (R^(14a))_(m) respectively, where Alk², R^(14a) and m are as just defined.

Esterified carboxyl groups represented by the group R¹⁴ include groups of formula --CO₂ Alk³ wherein Alk³ is a straight or branched, optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl group such as a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl or t-butyl group; a C₆₋₁₂ arylC₁₋₈ alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, 1-naphthylmethyl or 2-naphthylmethyl group; a C₆₋₁₂ aryl group such as an optionally substituted phenyl, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl group; a C₆₋₁₂ aryloxyC₁₋₈ alkyl group such as an optionally substituted phenyloxymethyl, phenyloxyethyl, 1-naphthyloxymethyl, or 2-naphthyloxymethyl group; an optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkanoyloxyC₁₋₈ alkyl group, such as a pivaloyloxymethyl, propionyloxyethyl or propionyloxypropyl group; or a C₆₋₁₂ aroyloxyC₁₋₈ alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzoyloxyethyl or benzoyloxypropyl group. Optional substituents present on the Alk³ group include R¹³ substituents described above.

It will be appreciated that the group Ar or Ar' may be attached to the remainder of the molecule of formula (1) through either a ring carbon atom or heteroatom.

Particular examples of the chain Alk² when present include methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, i-propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, s-butylene, t-butylene, ethenylene, 2-propenylene, 2-butenylene, 3-butenylene, ethynylene, 2-propynylene, 2-butynylene or 3-butynylene chain, optionally interrupted by one, two, or three --O-- or --S--, atoms or --S(O)--, --S(O)₂ -- or --N(R^(b))-- groups.

Particularly useful atoms or groups represented by R¹³ include fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, or C₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g. methyl or ethyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, e.g. methylamino or ethylamino, C₁₋₆ hydroxyalkyl, e.g. hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl, C₁₋₆ alkylthiol e.g. methylthiol or ethylthiol, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, C₅₋₇ cycloalkoxy, e.g. cyclopentyloxy, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g. trifluoromethyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, e.g. methylamino or ethylamino, amino (--NH₂), aminoC₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g. aminomethyl or aminoethyl, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, e.g. dimethylamino or diethylamino, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl (--OH), formyl [HC(O)--], carboxyl (--CO₂ H), --CO₂ Alk³ [where Alk³ is as defined above], C₁₋₆ alkanoyl e.g. acetyl, thiol (--SH), thioC₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g. thiomethyl or thioethyl, sulphonyl (--SO₃ H), C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonyl, e.g. methylsulphonyl, aminosulphonyl (--SO₂ NH₂), C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulphonyl, e.g. methylaminosulphonyl or ethylaminosulphonyl, C₁₋₆ dialkylaminosulphonyl, e.g. dimethylaminosulphonyl or diethylaminosulphonyl, carboxamido (--CONH₂), C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, e.g. methylaminocarbonyl or ethylaminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ dialkylaminocarbonyl, e.g. dimethylaminocarbonyl or diethylaminocarbonyl, sulphonylamino (--NHSO₂ H), C₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. methylsulphonylamino or ethylsulphonylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylsulphonylamino, e.g. dimethylsulphonylamino or diethylsulphonylamino, aminosulphonylamino (--NHSO₂ NH₂), C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. methylaminosulphonylamino or ethylaminosulphonylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. dimethylaminosulphonylamino or diethylaminosulphonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkanoylamino, e.g. acetylamino, C₁₋₆ alkanoylaminoC₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g. acetylaminomethyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonylamino, e.g. methoxycarbonylamino, ethoxycarbonylamino or t-butoxycarbonylamino thiocarboxamido (--CSNH₂), C₁₋₆ alkylaminothiocarbonyl, e.g. methylaminothiocarbonyl or ethylaminothiocarbonyl, C₁₋₆ dialkylaminothiocarbonyl, e.g. dimethylaminothiocarbonyl or diethylaminothiocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, e.g. methylaminocarbonylamino or ethylaminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylaminocarbonylamino, e.g. dimethylaminocarbonylamino or diethylaminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylam ino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminoth iocarbonylamino, e.g. methylaminothiocarbonylamino or ethylaminothiocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylaminothiocarbonylamino, e.g. dimethylaminothiocarbonylamino, or diethylaminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonylC₁₋₆ alkylamino, e.g. aminocarbonylmethylamino or aminocarbonylethylamino, aminothiocarbonylC₁₋₆ alkylamino e.g. aminothiocarbonylmethylamino or aminothiocarbonylethylamino, formylaminoC₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. formylaminomethylsulphonylamino or formyl-aminoethylsulphonylamino, thioformylaminoC₁₋₆ alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. thioformylaminomethylsulphonylamino or thioformylethylsulphonylamino, C₁₋₆ acylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. acetylaminosulphonylamino, C₁₋₆ thio-acylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. thioacetylaminosulphonylamino groups.

Where desired, two R¹³ substituents may be linked together to form a cyclic group such as a cyclic ether, e.g. a C₂₋₆ alkylenedioxy group such as ethylenedioxy.

It will be appreciated that where two or more R¹³ substituents are present, these need not necessarily be the same atoms and/or groups. The R¹³ substituents may be present at any ring carbon atom away from that attached to the rest of the molecule of formula (1). Thus, for example, in phenyl groups represented by Ar or Ar' any substituent may be present at the 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-positions relative to the ring carbon atom attached to the remainder of the molecule.

In the compounds of formula (1), when the group --(CH₂)_(t) Ar(L¹)_(n) Ar' is present in R⁴ and/or R⁵, the linker group L¹ may be any divalent linking group. Particular examples of L¹ groups which may be present in compounds of the invention include groups of formula --(Alk⁴)_(r) (X^(a))_(s) (Alk⁵)_(t) -- where Alk⁴ and Alk⁵ is each an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene or C₂₋₆ alkynylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more, e.g. one, two or three heteroatoms or carbocyclic or heteroatom-containing groups, X^(a) is an --O-- or --S-- atom or a --S(O)--, --S(O)₂ -- or --N(R^(b))-- group, r is zero or the integer 1, t is zero or the integer 1 and s is zero or the integer 1, provided that when one of r, s, or t is zero at least one of the remainder is the integer 1.

The heteroatoms which may interrupt the Alk⁴ or Alk⁵ chains include for example --O-- or --S-- atoms. Carbocyclic groups include for example cycloalkyl, e.g. cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or cycloalkenyl e.g. cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl, groups. Particular heteroatom-containing groups which may interrupt Alk⁴ or Alk⁵ include oxygen-, sulphur- or nitrogen-containing groups such as --S(O)--, --S(O)₂ --, --N(R^(b))--, --C(O)--, --C(S)--, --C(NR^(b))--, --CON(R^(b))--, --CSN(R^(b))--, --N(R^(b))CO--, --N(R^(b))CS--, --SON(R^(b))--, --SO₂ N(R^(b))--, --N(R^(b))SO--, --N(R^(b))SO₂ --, --N(R^(b))SO₂ N(R^(b))--, --N(R^(b))SON(R^(b))--, or --N(R^(b))CON(R^(b))-- groups. It will be appreciated that when the chains Alk⁴ or Alk⁵ are interrupted by two or more heteroatoms, carbocyclic or heteroatom-containing groups, such atoms or groups may be adjacent to one another, for example to form a group --N(R^(b))--C(NR^(b))--N(R^(b))-- or --O-- CONH--.

Optional substituents which may be present on Alk⁴ or Alk⁵ chains include those described above in relation to the group R¹ when it is an alkyl group.

The group --(L¹ )_(n) Ar' may be attached to the group Ar through any available carbon or heteroatoms present in the two groups. Thus, for example, when Ar is a phenyl group, --(L¹)_(n) Ar' may be attached through a carbon or heteroatom in --(L¹)_(n) Ar' to a carbon atom in Ar at the 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-position relative to the Ar carbon atom attached to the remainder of the molecule.

In the group (L¹)_(n) Ar' particular examples of Alk⁴ or Alk⁵ include optionally substituted methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, ethenylene, 2-propenylene, 2-butenylene, 3-butenylene, ethynylene, 2-propynylene, 2-butynylene or 3-butynylene chains, optionally interrupted by one, two or three heteroatoms, carbocyclic or heteroatom-containing groups as described above.

Particular examples of the group --(L¹)_(n) Ar' include the groups --Alk⁴ Ar', --XAr', --Alk⁴ XAr' and --XAlk⁵ Ar', especially for example --CH₂ Ar', --(CH₂)₂ Ar', --(CH₂)₃ Ar', --CH₂ OCH₂ Ar', --CH₂ SCH₂ Ar', --CH₂ N (R^(b))CH₂ Ar', --CH═CHAr', --CH₂ CH═CHAr', --OAr', --SAr', --N(R^(b))Ar', --CH₂ OAr', --CH₂ SAr', --CH₂ N(R^(b))Ar', --CH₂ OCH₂ OAr', -OCH₂ Ar', --O(CH₂)₂ Ar', --SCH₂ Ar', --S(CH₂)₂ Ar', --N(R^(b))CH₂ Ar' and --N(R^(b))(CH₂)₂ Ar'.

In these particular groups, Ar' may be as described herein, and may be especially an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₂ aryl or C₁₋₉ heteroaryl group, in particular an optionally substituted phenyl or pyridyl group or a --COPh (where Ph is an optionally substituted phenyl group), --SO₂ Ph, --SONHPh, --SO₂ N(Alk¹)Ph, --SO₂ N[Ph]₂, --CONHPh, --CON(Alk¹)Ph, --CON[Ph]₂, --NAlk¹ SO₂ Ph, --NHSO₂ N(Alkl)Ph, --NAlk¹ SO₂ Alk¹ Ph, --NHSO₂ N[Ph]₂, --NAlk¹ SO₂ N[Ph]₂, --NHC(O)Ph, --NAlk¹ COPh, --NC(O)N[Ph]₂, --NHC(O)NHPh, --NAlk¹ C(O)NHPh, --NHC(O)N(Alk¹)Ph, --NAlk¹ C(O)N(Alk¹)Ph, --NHC(O)OPh, --NAlk¹ C(O)OPh, --C(S)NHPh, --C(S)NAlk¹ Ph, --N(S)N[Ph]₂, --NHC(S)Ph, --NAlk¹ C(S)Ph, --N[C(S)Ph]₂, --NHC(S)NHPh, --NAlk¹ C(S)NHPh, --NHC(S)NAlk¹ Ph, or --NAlk¹ C(S)NAlk¹ Ph group. In these groups, the group Alk¹ may in particular be a methyl or ethyl group.

When in R⁴ and/or R⁵ a --NHet group is present this may be for example a pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl or thiomorpholinyl group. Optional substituents that may be present in such groups include R¹³ substituents described above in relation to Ar or Ar' groups.

When in R⁴ and/or R⁵ a Het' group is present this may be for example a pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, thiomorpholinyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl group. Optional substituents that may be present on such groups include R¹³ substituents described above.

In the compounds of formula (1), when an ester group is present, for example a group CO₂ R⁸ or --CO₂ Alk³ this may advantageously be a metabolically labile ester.

The presence of certain substituents in the compounds of formula (1) may enable salts of the compounds to be formed. Suitable salts include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, for example acid addition salts derived from inorganic or organic acids, and salts derived from inorganic and organic bases.

Acid addition salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, alkylsulphonates, e.g. methanesulphonates, ethanesulphonates, or isethionates, arylsulphonates, e.g. p-toluenesulphonates, besylates or napsylates, phosphates, sulphates, hydrogen sulphates, acetates, trifluoroacetates, propionates, citrates, maleates, fumarates, malonates, succinates, lactates, oxalates, tartrates and benzoates.

Salts derived from inorganic or organic bases include alkali metal salts such as sodium or potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium or calcium salts, and organic amine salts such as morpholine, piperidine, dimethylamine or diethylamine salts.

Prodrugs of compounds of formula (1) include those compounds, for example esters, alcohols or aminos, which are convertible in vivo by metabolic means, e.g. by hydrolysis, reduction, oxidation or transesterification, to compounds of formula (1).

Particularly useful salts of compounds according to the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, especially acid addition pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

In the compounds of formula (1) the group ═W-- is preferably a ═C(Y)-- group. In compounds of this type Y is preferably a --XR^(a) group where X is --O-- and R^(a) is an optionally substituted ethyl group or, especially, an optionally substituted methyl group. Especially useful substituents which may be present on R^(a) groups include one, two or three fluorine or chlorine atoms.

One particularly useful group of compounds of the invention has the formula (1) where L is a group --XR. In compounds of this type X is preferably --O--. The group R in these compounds is preferably an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, particularly an optionally substituted cyclopentyl group, and is, especially a cyclopentyl group.

In another group of compounds of formula (1) L is preferably a --CH═C(R¹)(R²) group. In compounds of this type R¹ and R² are preferably linked together with the C atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group, especially a substituted cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl or, especially, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group.

The groups R⁴ and R⁵ in compounds of formula (1) is each, independently, preferably a --(CH₂)_(t) Ar or --(CH₂)_(t) Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar' group, particularly a CH₂ Ar or --CH₂ Ar(L¹)_(n) Ar' group or especially an --Ar, Ar--Ar' or ArL¹ Ar' group. Particularly useful R⁴ or R⁵ groups of this type include those groups in which Ar or Ar' is a monocyclic aryl group optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur, or, in particular, nitrogen atoms, and optionally substituted by one, two, three or more R¹³ substituents. In these compounds, when the group represented by Ar or Ar' is a heteroaryl group it is preferably a nitrogen-containing monocyclic heteroaryl group, especially a six-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl group. Thus, in one preferred example, the groups R⁴ and R⁵ may each contain a six-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl Ar or Ar' group. In another preferred example R⁴ may contain a monocyclic aryl group or a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl group Ar or Ar' containing one or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms and R⁵ may contain a six-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl group Ar or Ar'. In these examples, the six-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl group may be an optionally substituted pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl or imidazolyl group. Particular examples include optionally substituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 5-imidazolyl, or, especially, 4-pyridyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl or 3-pyrazinyl. The monocyclic aryl group may be a phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group, and the monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl group containing one or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atom may be an optionally substituted 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-thiazolyl, 2-benzo(b)thiophenyl, 2-benzo(b)furyl or 4-isoquinolinyl group.

In another preference relating to R⁴ groups of the just mentioned particular types, Ar' is a --NHC(O)NHPh (where Ph is as just described, --NHCH₃ C(O)NHPh, --NHC(O)NCH₃ Ph, --NCH₃ C(O)NCH₃ Ph, --COPh, --NHSO₂ NHPh, --NCH₃ SO₂ NHPh, --NCH₃ SO₂ NCH₃ Ph, --NHCOPh, --NCH₃ COPh or --NHSO₂ Ph group, particularly in those instances where L¹ is a --CH₂ -- group.

In general in compounds of formula (1) when R⁴ and/or R⁵ contains a substituted phenyl group it may be for example a mono-, di- or trisubstituted phenyl group in which the substituent is an atom or group R¹³ as defined above. When the R⁴ and/or R⁵ group contains a monosubstituted phenyl group the substituent may be in the 2-, or preferably 3-, or especially 4-position relative to the ring carbon atom attached to the remainder of the molecule. When the R⁴ and/or R⁵ group contains a disubstituted phenyl group, the substituents may be in the 2,6 position relative to the ring carbon atom attached to the remainder of the molecule.

Particularly useful substituents R¹³ which may be present on Ar groups in R⁴ and R⁵, especially on phenyl groups, include halogen atoms or alkyl, haloalkyl, amino, substituted amino, nitro, --NHSO₂ NH₂, --NHSO₂ NHCH₃, --NHSO₂ N(CH₃)₂, --NHCOCH₃, --NHC(O)NH₂, --NCH₃ C(O)NH₂, --NHC(O)NHCH₃, --NHC(O)NHCH₂ CH₃, or --NHC(O)N(CH₃)₂ groups, each of said atoms or groups being optinally separated from the remainder of the Ar group by a group Alk² as defined above.

When in compounds of formula (1) R⁴ and/or R⁵ contains a substituted pyridyl group it may be for example a mono-or disubstituted pyridyl group, such as a mono- or disubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl or especially 4-pyridyl group substituted by one or two atoms or groups R¹³ as defined above, in particular one or two halogen atoms such as fluorine or chlorine atoms, or methyl, methoxy, hydroxyl or nitro groups. Particularly useful pyridyl groups of these types are 3-monosubstituted-4-pyridyl or 3,5-disubstituted-4-pyridyl, or 2- or 4-monosubstituted-3-pyridyl or 2,4-disubstituted-3-pyridyl groups.

A particularly useful group of compounds of formula (1) has the formula (2): ##STR4## where --L is a OR, where R is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, --CH═C(R¹)(R²) or --CH₂ CH(R¹)(R²) group where R¹ and R² are linked together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a cycloalkyl group; Z is as defined for formula (1); and the salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof.

In the compounds of formulae (1) or (2) where Z is the group (A), one preferred group of compounds are those where the group R³ is a hydrogen atom; the group R⁶ is a methyl group, or especially a hydrogen atom; the group R⁷ is a methyl group, or especially a hydrogen atom; and R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined for formula (1). In compounds of this type R⁶ and R⁷ is each especially a hydrogen atom.

In general in compounds of formulae (1) or (2) the group Z is preferably a group of type (A). In compounds of this type R³, R⁶ and R⁷ is each especially a hydrogen atom, R⁵ is in particular an optionally substituted pyridyl group, especially a 4-pyridyl group and R⁴ is in particular a --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar' group, especially a --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar' group. Particular examples of --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar' groups include --Ar--Ar, --Ar--O--Ar, -Ar--CH₂ --Ar, --Ar--(CH₂)₂ Ar, --Ar--NHC(O)NHAr, --Ar--CH₂ NHC(O)NHAr, --Ar--COAr, --Ar--CH₂ COAr, --Ar--NHSO₂ NHAr, --Ar--CH₂ NHSO₂ NHAr, --Ar--NHSO₂ Ar, --Ar--CH₂ NHSO₂ Ar, --Ar--NCH₃ C(O)NHAr, --Ar--CH₂ NCH₃ C(O)NHAr, --Ar--NCH₃ SO₂ NHAr or --Ar-- CH₂ NCH₃ SO₂ NHAr groups. In these groups Ar may in particular be an optionally substituted phenyl group. Optional substituents include for example, halogen atoms, e.g. chlorine or fluorine atoms, alkyl, e.g. methyl, haloalkyl, e.g. trifluoromethnyl, amino, substituted amino, e.g. methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, nitro, --NHSO₂ NH₂, --NHSO₂ NHCH₃, --NHSO₂ N(CH₃)₂, --NHCOCH₃, --NHC(O)NH₂, --NCH₃ C(O)NH₂, --NHC(O)NHCH₃, --NHC(O)NHCH₂ CH₃, or --NHC(O)N(CH₃)₂ groups, each of said atoms or groups being optionally separated from the remainder of the phenyl group by a --CH₂ -- group.

In the above examples, when Ar is a phenyl group, the --(L¹)_(n) Ar group or any other optional substituent may be attached to any available ring carbon atom away from that attached to the remainder of the compound of formula (1).

Particularly useful compounds according to the invention are:

(±)-4-{2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl) phenylethyl]}pyridine;

(±)-4-[2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyridine;

(±)-4-{2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(4-nitrophenyloxy)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;

(E) and (Z) isomers of 4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-3-(phenylethyl)pyridine);

(±)-4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-(phenylethyl)pyridine;

(±)-4-{2-[4-(4-Aminophenyloxy)phenyl]-2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl}pyridine;

(±)-4-{2-[4-(4-Acetamidophenyloxy)phenyl]-2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyridine;

(±)-4-{2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(4-N',N'-dimethylamino-sulphonylaminophenyl)phenyloxy]ethyl}pyridine;

(±)-4-{2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(4-methylsulphonyl-aminophenyl)phenyloxy]ethyl}pyridine;

(±)-4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4'-methyl-4-biphenyl)-ethyl]pyridine;

(±)--N-{3-[1 -(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl]phenylmethyl}-N'phenylurea; or each isomer or the resolved enantioners, and the salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof.

Compounds according to the invention are selective and potent inhibitors of PDE IV. The ability of the compounds to act in this way may be simply determined by the tests described in the Examples hereinafter.

Particular uses to which the compounds of the invention may be put include the prophylaxis and treatment of asthma, especially inflamed lung associated with asthma, cystic fibrosis, or in the treatment of inflammatory airway disease, chronic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, psoriasis and other benign and malignant proliferative skin diseases, endotoxic shock, septic shock, ulcerative colitis, Crohn=3 s disease, reperfusion injury of the myocardium and brain, inflammatory arthritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, adult respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes insipidus, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, arterial restenosis and artherosclerosis.

Compounds of the invention may also suppress neurogenic inflammation through elevation of cAMP in sensory neurones. They are, therefore, analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-hyperalgesic in inflammatory diseases associated with irritation and pain.

Compounds according to the invention may also elevate cAMP in lymphocytes and thereby suppress unwanted lymphocyte activation in immune-based diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, transplant rejection and graft versus host disease.

Compounds according to the invention may also reduce gastric acid secretion and therefore can be used to treat conditions associated with hypersecretion.

Compounds of the invention may suppress cytokine synthesis by inflammatory cells in response to immune or infectious stimulation. They are, therefore, useful in the treatment of bacterial, fungal or viral induced sepsis and septic shock in which cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are key mediators. Also compounds of the invention may suppress inflammation and pyrexia due to cytokines and are, therefore, useful in the treatment of inflammation and cytokine-mediated chronic tissue degeneration which occurs in diseases such as rheumatoid or osteoarthritis.

Over-production of cytokines such as TNF in bacterial, fungal or viral infections or in diseases such as cancer, leads to cachexia and muscle wasting. Compounds of the invention may ameliorate these symptoms with a consequent enhancement of quality of life.

Compounds of the invention may also elevate cAMP in certain areas of the brain and thereby counteract depression and memory impairment.

Compounds of the invention may suppress cell proliferation in certain tumour cells and can be used, therefore, to prevent tumour growth and invasion of normal tissues.

For the prophylaxis or treatment of disease the compounds according to the invention may be administered as pharmaceutical compositions, and according to a further aspect of the invention we provide a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of formula (1) together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents.

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may take a form suitable for oral, buccal, parenteral, nasal, topical or rectal administration, or a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets, lozenges or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g. potato starch or sodium glycollate); or wetting agents (e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles and preservatives. The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavouring, colouring and sweetening agents as appropriate.

Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.

For buccal administration the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.

The compounds of formulae (1) and (2) may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection e.g. by bolus injection or infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g. in glass ampoule or multi dose containers, e.g. glass vials. The compositions for injection may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilising, preserving and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

In addition to the formulations described above, the compounds of formulae (1) and (2) may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation or by intramuscular injection.

For nasal administration or administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation for pressurised packs or a nebuliser, with the use of suitable propellant, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas or mixture of gases.

The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack or dispensing device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.

The quantity of a compound of the invention required for the prophylaxis or treatment of a particular inflammatory condition will vary depending on the compound chosen, and the condition of the patient to be treated. In general, however, daily dosages may range from around 100 ng/kg to 100 mg/kg, e.g. around 0.01 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg body weight for oral or buccal administration, from around 10 ng/kg to 50 mg/kg body weight for parenteral administration and around 0.05 mg to around 1000 mg e.g. around 0.5 mg to around 1000 mg for nasal administration or administration by inhalation or insufflation.

The compounds according to the invention may be prepared by the following processes. The symbols W, L, Z, X, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷ and R¹¹ when used in the formulae below are to be understood to represent those groups described above in relation to formula (1) unless otherwise indicated. In the reactions described below it may be necessary to protect reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, thio, or carboxy groups, where these are desired in the final product, to avoid their unwanted participation in the reactions. Conventional protecting groups may be used in accordance with standard practice [see, for example, Green, T. W. in "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis" John Wiley and Sons, 1981].

Thus, according to a further aspect of the invention, compounds of general formula (1) where L is a --C(R¹¹)═C(R¹)(R²) group, R¹¹ is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and R³ when present is a hydrogen atom, may be prepared by coupling a compound of formula (3) ##STR5## where R¹¹ is as described above with an olefination agent.

Particular examples of olefination agents include phosphonium salts such as compounds (R¹)(R²)CHP(D)₃ Hal where Hal is a halogen atom, such as a bromine atom, and D is an optionally substituted alkyl, e.g. methyl, or aryl, especially phenyl, group; phosphoranes (R¹)(R²)C═P(D)₃ ; phosphonates (DO)₂ P(O)CH(R¹)(R²); or silane derivatives, for example compounds of formula (D)₃ SiC(R¹)(R²), e.g. trialkylsilanes such as (CH₃)₃ SiC(R¹ )(R²).

Bases for use in the above reaction include organometallic bases, for example, an organolithium compound such as an alkyllithium e.g. n-butyllithium, a hydride, such as sodium or potassium hydride or an alkoxide, such as a sodium alkoxide, e.g. sodium methoxide.

The reaction may be performed in a suitable solvent, for example a polar aprotic solvent, such as an alkyl sulphoxide, e.g. methyl sulphoxide, an amide such as N,N-dimethylformamide or hexamethylphosphorous triamide; a non-polar solvent, such as an ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether or an aromatic solvent such as benzene, toluene or xylene; or a polar protic solvent, such as an alcohol, for example ethanol. Preferably the reaction is carried out at a low temperature, for example from around -78° C. to around room temperature.

The olefination agents used in this reaction are either known compounds or may be prepared from known starting materials using reagents and conditions similar to those used to prepare the known compounds. For example, a phosphorane may be prepared in situ by reaction of a phosphonium salt with a base of the type described above. In another example, a phosphonate may be prepared by reacting a halide (R¹)(R²)CHHal with a phosphite (DO)₃ P, as described in the Arbuzov reaction. Silane derivatives may be prepared by reaction of a halosilane (D)₃ SiHal with a base, such as lithium diisopropylamide, in a solvent, such as an ether, for example a cyclic ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature, e.g. around -10° C.

According to a further aspect of the invention compounds of formula (1) where L is a group --C(R¹¹)═CH(R¹) and R¹ is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group may also be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of formula (3) with an organometallic reagent, followed by dehydration of the corresponding alcohol.

Examples of organometallic reagents include organolithium R¹ Li or organomagnesium R¹ MgHal reagents. The reaction with the organometallic reagent may be performed in a solvent such as an ether, such as diethyl ether or for example a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, at a low temperature for example -10° C. to room temperature. The dehydration may be performed using an acid, for example an organic acid such as p-toluene sulphonic acid or trifluoroacetic acid, in the presence of a base, such as an amine, e.g. triethylamine.

Intermediates of formula (3) where R¹¹ is a methyl group, may be prepared by reacting an intermediate of formula (3) where R¹¹ is a hydrogen atom with an organometallic reagent, such as methyllithium or CH₃ MgHal, using the conditions just described followed by oxidation of the resulting alcohol, using an oxidising agent, e.g. manganese dioxide.

Intermediates of formula (3) where R¹¹ is a hydrogen atom may be prepared by deprotecting a protected aldehyde of formula (4) ##STR6## where P is a protected aldehyde group, e.g. a dioxanyl group, using acid hydrolysis e.g. by reaction with trifluoroacetic acid or p-toluene sulphonic acid, in the presence of a solvent, e.g. acetone, or a mixture of solvents, e.g. chloroform and water.

Intermediates of formula (4) where Z is a group (A) in which R³ is a hydroxyl group may be prepared by reacting a ketone of formula (5) ##STR7## with a reagent R⁵ CHR⁶ R⁷ using a base, such as an organometallic base, for example an organolithium reagent e.g. n-butyllithium, in a solvent, such as an ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at around -70° C. to room temperature.

Intermediates of formula (5) may be prepared by oxidation of an alcohol of formula (6) ##STR8## using an oxidising agent, such as manganese (IV) oxide, in a solvent, such as dichloromethane, at room temperature.

Intermediates of formula (6) may be prepared by reacting a halide of formula (8) described below with an aldehyde R⁴ CHO, in the presence of a base, such as n-butyllithium, in a solvent, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at a temperature from around -70° C. to room temperature.

Intermediates of formula (4) where Z is a group (A) in which R³ is a hydrogen atom may be prepared by hydrogenation of an intermediate of formula (4) where Z is a group (B) using the reagents and conditions described hereinafter for the hydrogenation of a compound of formula (1) where L is a --C(R¹¹)═C(R¹)(R²) group to give a compound of formula (1) where L is a --CH(R¹¹)--CH(R¹)(R²) group.

Intermediates of formula (4) where Z is the group (B) may be prepared by dehydrating an intermediate of formula (4) where Z is the group (A) and R³ is a hydroxyl group, by using an acid, e.g. trifluoroacetic acid, in the presence of a base, such as an amine, e.g. triethylamine, in a solvent, such as dichloromethane, at a low temperature, e.g. around -10° C.

Intermediates of formula (4) where Z is a group (B) may be prepared by condensing an intermediate of formula (7) ##STR9## where (a) W^(a) is a --C(O)R⁴ group, with a compound R⁵ CH₂ R⁶ ; or where

(b) W^(a) is a --CH₂ R⁴ group with an aldehyde or ketone R⁵ COR⁶ ; or where

(c) W^(a) is a --C(O)R⁴ group with a silane derivative (Alk^(a))₃ SiCH(R⁵)(R⁶),

where Alk^(a) is an alkyl group; in each instance in the presence of a base or an acid in a suitable solvent.

Bases for use in these reactions include inorganic bases, for example alkali and alkaline earth metal bases, e.g. hydroxides, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide; alkoxides, for example sodium ethoxide; organic bases, for example amines such as piperidine; and organolithium bases, such as alkyllithium, e.g. n-butyllithium bases. Suitable solvents include alcohols such as ethanol, or ethers such as tetrahydrofuran. Acids for use in the reactions include organic acids, e.g. carboxylic acids such as acetic acid.

The reactions may be performed at any suitable temperature, for example from around -78° C. to ambient temperature or to the reflux temperature depending on the nature of the starting materials.

In general, the base, acid, solvent and reaction conditions may be selected depending on the nature of the starting materials, from a range of known alternatives for reactions of this type.

In silane derivatives of formula (Alk^(a))₃ SiCH(R⁵)(R⁶), Alk^(a) may be for example a C₁₋₆ alkyl group such as a methyl group. Derivatives of this type may be prepared for example by reacting a compound R⁵ --CH₂ --R⁶ with a silane derivative, such as a chlorotrialkylsilane, e.g. chlorotrimethyl-silane in the presence of a base, e.g. lithium diisopropylamide, in a solvent, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at a low temperature, e.g. around -100° C.

The starting materials R⁵ COR⁶ and R⁵ CH₂ R⁶ are either known compounds or may be prepared from known starting materials by methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.

Intermediates of formula (7) where --W^(a) is a --C(O)R⁴ group may be prepared by reacting an aldehyde of formula (7) where --W^(a) is a --CHO group with an organometallic reagent in a solvent, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature, e.g. around 10° C., followed by oxidation of the resulting alcohol with an oxidising agent, such as manganese dioxide, in a solvent, e.g. dichloromethane.

Intermediates of formula (7) where --W^(a) is --CHO may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (8) ##STR10## where Hal is a halogen atom, e.g. a bromine atom, with an organometallic reagent, such as n-butyllithium, in a solvent, such as an amide, e.g. dimethylformamide, at a low temperature, e.g. below -60° C.

Intermediates of formula (8) may be prepared by protecting an aldehyde or etone of formula (9) ##STR11## where Hal is a halogen atom, e.g. a bromine atom with an aldehyde or ketone protecting group, using for example a suitable diol, e.g. 1,3-propanediol, in the presence of an acid catalyst, e.g. 4-toluenesulphonic acid, in a solvent, such as an aromatic solvent, e.g. toluene, at an elevated temperature such as the reflux temperature.

In general, this reaction may be used when it is desired to protect an aldehyde in any intermediate described herein.

Intermediates of formula (9) are either known compounds or may be prepared in a similar manner to the known compounds.

In another process according to the invention, compounds of formula (1) where Z is a group (B) may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (10) ##STR12## with a phosphonate ester (R'O)(OR")P(O)CH(R⁵)(R⁶) [where R' and R", which may be the same or different is an alkyl, or aralkyl group] in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent.

Suitable bases include organometallic bases such as organolithium, e.g. n-butyllithium, alkoxides, for example alkali metal alkoxides such as sodium ethoxide or sodium methoxide and a hydride such as potassium hydride or sodium hydride. Solvents include ethers, e.g. diethylether or cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and alcohol, e.g. methanol or ethanol.

The phosphonate derivatives used in this reaction are either known compounds or may be prepared by reacting a phosphite P(OR')₂ (OR") with a compound R⁵ CHR⁶ Hal [where Hal is a halogen atom, for example a bromine atom] using conventional methods.

Intermediates of formula (10) where R⁴ is as described for compounds of formula (1) but is not a hydrogen atom may be prepared by reaction of the corresponding compound where R⁴ is a hydrogen atom with an organometallic reagent, followed by oxidation, as described previously for the preparation of intermediates of formula (7) where wa is a --C(O)R⁴ group.

Intermediates of formula (10) where R⁴ is a hydrogen atom may be prepared by reacting a halide of formula (11) ##STR13## where Hal is a halogen atom, e.g. a bromine or chlorine atom with an organometallic reagent using the same reagents and conditions described above for the preparation of intermediates of formula (7) where W^(a) is --CHO from intermediates of formula (8).

Intermediates of formula (11) where L is a --C(R¹¹)═C(R¹)(R²) group may be prepared by coupling a compound of formula (9) with a phosphonium salt (R¹)(R²)CHP(D)₃ Hal as described above for the preparation of compounds of formula (1) from intermediate of formula (3).

Intermediates of formula (11) where L is an --XR group may be prepared by alkylation of a corresponding compound where L is --XH using a compound RHal (where Hal is a halogen atom) in the presence of a base in a solvent such as dimethylformamide at ambient temperature or above, e.g. around 40° C. to 50° C. Intermediates of formula (11) where L is --XH are either known compounds or may be prepared from known starting materials using conventional procedures, for example when X is --O-- from the corresponding aldehyde by oxidation.

In yet another process according to the invention, a compound of formula (1) where one or both of R⁴ and R⁵ is a --(CH₂)_(t) Ar(L¹)_(n) Ar' group may be prepared by coupling a compound of formula (12), ##STR14## [where Z' is as defined for Z in formula (1) except that one or both of R⁴ and R⁵ is a group --(CH₂)_(t) ArE where E is a boronic acid --B(OH)₂ or a tin reagent Sn(R¹⁵)₃, where R¹⁵ is an alkyl group, for example a methyl group], with a reagent Ar'(L¹)_(n) L² where L² is a leaving group, in the presence of a complex metal catalyst.

Particular leaving groups L² include for example halogen atoms, e.g. bromine, iodine or chlorine atoms and an alkyl sulphonate, such as trifluoromethanesulphonate. Particular tin reagents include those compounds for example where R¹⁵ in the formula Sn(R¹⁵)₃ is a methyl group.

Suitable catalysts include heavy metal catalysts, for example palladium catalysts, such as tetrakis (triphenylphosphine)palladium. The reaction may be performed in an inert solvent, for example an aromatic hydrocarbon such as toluene or benzene, or an ether, such as dimethoxyethane or dioxane, if necessary in the presence of a base, e.g. an alkali carbonate such as sodium carbonate, at an elevated temperature, e.g. the reflux temperature. In general, the metal catalyst and reaction conditions may be selected, depending on the nature of the compound of formula (12) and/or the compound of Ar'(L¹)_(n) L² from a range of known alternatives for reactions of this type [see for example Miyaura, N et al, Synth. Comm. (1981), 11, 513; Thompson, W. J. and Gaudino, J., J. Org. Chem, (1984), 49, 5237 and Sharp, M. J. et al, Tetrahedron Lett. (1987), 28, 5093].

Intermediates Ar'(L¹)_(n) L² are either known compounds or may be prepared from known starting materials by methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds. Thus, for example, where it is desired to obtain a compound Ar'(L¹)_(n) L² where L² is a halogen atom such as bromine or chlorine atom and this compound is not readily available, such a compound may be prepared by diazotisation of the corresponding amine using for example a nitrite such as sodium nitrite in an aqueous acid at a low temperature followed by reaction with an appropriate copper (I) halide in an aqueous acid.

Intermediates of formula (12) may be prepared by halogen-metal exchange with a base such as n-butyl or t-butyllithium followed by reaction with a borate such as triisopropylborate or a tin reagent (R¹⁵)₃ SnHal, where R is as described above and Hal is a halogen atom, such as chlorine atom, optionally at a low temperature e.g. around -70° C., in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran.

In another example of a process according to the invention, a compound of formula (1) where one or both of R⁴ and R⁵ is a group --(CH₂)_(t) ArL¹ Ar' where L¹ is --X^(a) (Alk⁵)_(t) -- may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (12) where Z' is as defined for Z in formula (1), except that one or both of R⁴ and R⁵ is a group --(CH₂)_(t) ArX^(a) H with a reagent Ar'(Alk⁵)_(t) L², where L² is a leaving group, as described above.

The reaction may be performed in the presence of a base, for example triethylamine or potassium tert-butoxide, in a solvent such as dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran, at a suitable temperature, e.g. room temperature.

According to a further aspect of the invention, compounds of formula (1) where L is a group --CH(R¹)(R²) where R² is a --CO₂ R⁸ or --CONR⁹ R¹⁰ group may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (13) ##STR15## where Hal is a halogen atom, such as a chlorine or a bromine atom, with a diazoalkane CH(R¹)N₂ followed by reaction with R⁸ OH or R⁹ R¹⁰ NH in the presence of silver oxide or a silver salt optionally in the presence of a base.

Intermediates of formula (13) may be prepared by oxidation of an intermediate of formula (3) where R¹¹ is a hydrogen atom, using an oxidising agent, such as permanganate or chromic acid, to give the corresponding carboxylic acid which is then reacted with a halide reagent, such as thionylchloride, phosphorous pentachloride or phosphorous pentabromide.

According to another aspect of the invention, a compound of formula (1) where L is a group --XR, R³ is a hydroxyl group and R⁷ is a hydrogen atom may be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of formula (10) with an organometallic reagent R⁵ R⁶ CHM, where M is a metal atom.

Metal atoms represented by M include, for example, a lithium atom.

The reaction may be performed in a solvent such as an ether, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, at a low temperature, e.g. around -70° C. to ambient temperature. This reaction is particularly suitable for the preparation of compounds of formula (1) wherein R⁵ is an electron deficient group such as a 2- or 4-pyridyl group.

In another process according to the invention compounds of formula (1) wherein W is ═N-- and R⁷ is a hydroxyl group may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (14) ##STR16## or its N-oxide with a reagent R⁵ C(O)R⁶ using the conditions described herein for the preparation of a compound of formula (1) from an intermediate of formula (10).

N-oxides of compounds of formula (14) may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (14) with a hydrogen peroxide or a peroxyacid, e.g. peracetic acid, peroxymonophthalic acid, trifluoroacetic acid or metachloroperbenzoic acid in carboxylic acid solution, e.g. acetic acid, a halogenated solvent, e.g. dichloromethane or an ether such as tetrahydrofuran. It is to be understood that in this case the compound of formula (1) would be obtained as its N-oxide.

Reagents R⁵ C(O)R⁶ are known compounds or may be prepared in a manner similar to the preparation of the known compounds.

Intermediates of formula (14) may be prepared by reacting a halide of formula (15) ##STR17## where Hal is a halogen atom, e.g. a bromine, chlorine or iodine atom with a compound RXH, where X is --O--, --S-- or --NH-- in the presence of a base.

Bases used in this reaction include hydrides, such as sodium hydride, or an organometallic base, such as butyllithium in a solvent, such as an amide, for example dimethylformamide at a temperature from room temperature to above, e.g. 80° C.

Intermediates of formula (15) may be prepared by reacting the commercially available amine of formula (16) ##STR18## with nitrous acid (made in situ by reacting sodium nitrite with an acid, for example sulphuric acid or hydrobromic acid) to produce the diazonium salt. This in turn may be reacted with a haloacid, e.g. hydrobromic, hydrochloride or hydriodic acid if necessary in the presence of the corresponding copper (I) halide (CuBr or Cu I) or halogen e.g. Br₂, Cl₂ or I₂.

Compounds of formula (1) may be prepared by interconversion of another compound of formula (1). For example, a compound of formula (1) where L is a --CH₂ --CH(R¹)(R²) group may be prepared by hydrogenation of a compound of formula (1) where L is a --CH═C(R¹)(R²) group. The hydrogenation may be performed using for example hydrogen in the presence of a cataylst. Suitable catalysts include metals such as platinum or palladium optionally supported on an inert carrier such as carbon or calcium carbonate; nickel, e.g. Raney nickel, or rhodium. The reaction may be performed in a suitable solvent, for example an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol, an ether such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, or an ester such as ethyl acetate, optionally in the presence of a base, for example a tertiary organic base such as triethylamine, at for example ambient temperature.

Alternatively, the reaction may be accomplished by transfer hydrogenation using an organic hydrogen donor and a transfer agent. Suitable hydrogen donors include for example acids, such as formic acid, formates, e.g. ammonium formate, alcohols, such as benzyl alcohol or ethylene glycol, hydrazine, and cycloalkenes such as cyclohexene or cyclohexadiene. The transfer agent may be for example a transition metal, for example palladium or platinum, optionally supported on an inert carrier as discussed above, nickel, e.g. Raney nickel, ruthenium, e.g. tris (triphenylphosphine) ruthenium chloride or copper. The reaction may generally be performed at an ambient or elevated temperature, optionally in the presence of a solvent, for example an alcohol such as ethanol or an acid such as acetic acid.

The same hydrogenation or transfer hydrogenation reagents and conditions may be used to also interconvert (a) compounds of formula (1) where L is a --XR group and Z is a group (B) to compounds of formula (1) where L is a --XR group and Z is a group (A) where R³ and R⁷ is each a hydrogen atom; and (b) compounds of formula (1) where a NO₂ group is present as a substituent on an Ar or Ar' group to compounds of formula (1) where a NH₂ group is present as a substituent on an Ar or Ar' group.

In another example of an interconversion process, compounds of formula (1) where Z is a group (A) in which R⁷ is an OR^(c) group where R^(c) is an alkyl or alkenyl group, may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1) where Z is a group (A) in which R⁷ is a --OH group, with a reagent R^(c) --OH, in the presence of an acid, such as sulphuric acid.

In yet another example of an interconversion process, compounds of formula (1) where Z is a group (A) in which R⁷ is an OR^(c) group where R^(c) is a carboxamido or thiocarboxamido group may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (1) where Z is a group (A) in which R⁷ is a --OH group, with an isocyanate R^(c) N═C═O or an isothiocyanate R^(c) N═C═S in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydride, in a solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran. Compounds R^(c) N═C═O and R^(c) N═C═S are known compounds or may be prepared using the reagents and conditions used for the preparation of the known compounds. When R^(c) N═C═S is not available, a compound of formula (1) where R^(c) is a thiocarboxamido group may be prepared by interconverting a compound of formula (1) where R^(c) is a carboxamido group using a thiation reagent, such as Lawesson's reagent [2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-di-sulphide], in an aromatic solvent, such as xylene or toluene.

In a still further example of an interconversion process, a compound of formula (1) where Z is a group (A) in which R³ is a fluorine atom may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1) where Z is a group (A) in which R³ is a hydroxyl group, with a fluorinating reagent, such as diethylaminosulphur trifluoride (DAST), in a solvent, for example a chlorinated solvent, e.g. dichloromethane, at a low temperature, e.g. around 0° C.

In a still further example of an interconversion process, a compound of formula (1) where Z is a group (A) in which R³ is an alkyl group, may be prepared by alkylation of a compound of formula (1) where Z is a group (A), and R³ is a hydrogen atom, with a reagent R³ L¹ using a base, for example n-butyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide. In this process, R⁴ in the starting material is preferably an electron withdrawing group.

A compound of formula (1) where L is a group --CH(R¹)(R²) may also be prepared by interconversion of a compound of formula (1) where L is a --CH(R¹)CO₂ H group. For example, a compound of formula (1) where L is a group --CH(R¹)CONR⁹ R¹⁰, may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1) where L is a group --CH(R¹)CO₂ H (or an active derivative thereof, such as a --CH(R¹)C(O)Hal group) with an amine R⁹ R¹⁰ NH using standard conditions.

In another example of an interconversion process, a compound of formula (1) where L is a group --CH(R¹)(R²) where R² is a nitrile group may be prepared (a) by dehydrogenating the corresponding compound of formula (1) where L is a group --CH(R¹)CH₂ NH₂ using for example nickel peroxide; or (b) by reacting the corresponding aldehyde [obtained by reduction of a compound of formula (1) where L is a group --CH(R¹)CO₂ H] using (i) Li in MeNH₂ or NH₃ followed by pyridinium chlorochromate; or (ii) borane-Me₂ S followed by pyridinium chlorochromate, with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, in a solvent, such as an amine, for example an aromatic amine, e.g. pyridine, followed by treatment with an acid, such as formic acid or hydrochloric acid.

According to a further interconversion process, a compound of formula (1) where Z is the group (B) may be prepared by dehydration of a corresponding compound of formula (1) where Z is a group (A) where R³ or R⁷ is a hydroxyl group using an acid- or base-catalysed elimination.

Suitable acids include for example phosphoric or sulphonic acids, e.g. 4-toluenesulphonic acid. The reaction may be performed in an inert organic solvent, for example a hydrocarbon such as toluene, at an elevated temperature, for example the reflux temperature. Base-catalysed elimination may be performed using for example trifluoroacetic anhydride in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine at a low temperature, e.g. from around 0° C. to ambient temperature, in a solvent such as dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran.

In yet another example of an interconversion process, a compound of formula (1) where Ar or Ar' is substituted by an amido, e.g. acetamido, or alkyl aminosulphonylamino e.g. dimethylaminosulphonylamino group may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1) wherein Ar or Ar' is substituted by an amino group using an anhydride, e.g. acetic anhydride, or a sulphamoyl halide, e.g. dimethylsulphamoyl chloride, in a solvent e.g. an amine such as pyridine, at room temperature.

In a still further example of an interconversion process, a compound of formula (1) where Ar or Ar' is substituted by an alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. methylsulphonylamino group, may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1) where Ar or Ar' is substituted by an amino group with an alkylsulphonylhalide, e.g. methanesulphonylchloride, in the presence of a base, e.g a tertiary amine such as triethylamine or N-methylmorpholine, in a solvent, e.g. a halogenated solvent such as dichloromethane.

N-oxides of compounds of formula (1) may be prepared for example by oxidation of the corresponding nitrogen base using an oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid, at an elevated temperature, for example around 70° C. to 80° C., or alternatively by reaction with a peracid such as peracetic acid in a solvent, e.g. dichloromethane, at ambient temperature.

Salts of compounds of formula (1) may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (1) with an appropriate acid or base in a suitable solvent or mixture of solvents e.g. an organic solvent such as an ether e.g. diethylether, or an alcohol, e.g. ethanol using conventional procedures.

Where it is desired to obtain a particular enantiomer of a compound of formula (1) this may be produced from a corresponding mixture of enantiomers using any suitable conventional procedure for resolving enantiomers.

Thus for example diastereomeric derivatives, e.g. salts, may be produced by reaction of a mixture of enantiomers of formula (1) e.g. a racemate, and an appropriate chiral compound, e.g. a chiral acid or base. Suitable chiral acids include, for example, tartaric acid and other tartrates such as dibenzoyl tartrates and ditoluoyl tartrates, sulphonates such as camphor sulphonates, mandelic acid and other mandelates and phosphates such as 1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diyl hydrogen phosphate. The diastereomers may then be separated by any convenient means, for example by crystallisation and the desired enantiomer recovered, e.g. by treatment with an acid or base in the instance where the diastereomer is a salt.

In another resolution process a racemate of formula (1) may be separated using chiral High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Alternatively, if desired a particular enantiomer may be obtained by using an appropriate chiral intermediate in one of the processes described above.

The following Examples illustrate the invention. In the Examples, the following abbreviations are used:DME--ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; THF--tetrahydrofuran; CH₂ Cl₂ -dichloromethane; Et₂ O--diethyl ether; EtOH--ethanol; RT--room temperature; DMF--N, N-dimethyl-formamide; EtOAc--ethyl acetate; DMPU--1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone; BuLi-butyllithium.

INTERMEDIATE 1

5-Bromo-2-methoxyphenol

The title compound was prepared as described in International Patent Specification No. WO 93/10118.

INTERMEDIATE 2

4-Bromo-2-cyclopentyloxyanisole

The title compound was prepared as described in International Patent Specification No. WO 94/10118.

INTERMEDIATE 3

(4-Bromophenyl)(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ketone

The title compound was prepared as described in International Patent Specification No. WO 94/14742.

INTERMEDIATE 4

4-[2-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]pyridine

The title compound was prepared as described in International Patent Specification No. WO 94/14742.

INTERMEDIATE 5

(E) and (Z) isomers of 4-[2-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]pyridine

The title compound was prepared as described in International Patent Specification No. WO 94/14742.

INTERMEDIATE 6

Acyl Sultam (1) ##STR19##

The sultam was synthesised as described in our International Patent Application No. PCT/GB 94/02799.

INTERMEDIATE 7

(1R,5S)N-[(3R)-3-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)propanoyl]-10,10-dimethyl-3-thia-4-azatricylo[5.2.1.0¹.5 ]decne-3,3-dioxide ##STR20##

A solution of 4-bromobenzyloxybenzene (22.3 g, 84.9 mmol, 2.2 equiv) in THF (100 ml) was added to magnesium turnings (2.44 g, 101.9 mmol, 2.6 equiv) in THF (10 ml) containing 1,2-dibromoethane (2 drops) and the mixture heated to reflux for 0.5 h. The cooled solution was added dropwise at -40° C. to a solution of Intermediate 6 (20.68 g, 38.6 mmol) in THF-Et₂ O (1:5; 600 ml) and the mixture allowed to warm to -10° C. over 4 h. Ammonium chloride solution (10%; 150 ml) and EtOAc (300 ml) were added and the organic layer was separated and combined with further EtOAC portions (3×100 ml). The extract was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacua and the yellow residue recrystallised from EtOH to afford the title compound (17.93 g) as a pale yellow solid. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 0.69 (3H, s, MeCMe), 0.87 (3H, s, MeCMe), 1.15-1.35 (2H, br m), 1.4-1.5 (1H, br m), 1.5-2.0 (12H, br m), 3.31 (1H, d, J 13.8 Hz, CHSO₂), 3.44 (1H, d, J 13.8 Hz, CHSO₂), 3.65-3.75 (1H, m, NCH), 4.51 (1H, d, J 11.5 HZ, CHCHO), 4.58 (1H, br m, OCH), 4.95-5.1 (3H, m, OCH₂ +CHCHCO), 6.55-6.65 (3H, m, C₆ H₃), 6.86 (2H, ca. d, J 8.7 Hz, 2×ArH ortho to benzyloxy), 7.25-7.45 (9H, m, C₆ H₅ +pyridine H₃, H₅ +2×ArH meta to benzyloxy), and 8.37 (2H, dd, J 4.5, 1.5 Hz, pyridine H₂, H₆).

INTERMEDIATE 8

(R)4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl]pyridine

A mixture of the compound of Example 3 (9.35 g, 19.5 mmol), cyclohexadiene (25 ml, 195 mmol), and 10% Pd/C (1.0 g) in EtOH (300 ml) was heated to reflux for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite® and the filtrate and washings concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound (7.6 g) as a white foam; δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.4-1.9 (1H, br m, (CH₂)₄), 3.2-3.35 (2H, m, CHCH₂), 3.79 (3H, s, OMe), 4.05 (1H, ca. t, J ca. 7.8 Hz CHCH₂), 4.65 (1H, br m, OCH), 6.6-6.8 (5H, m, C₆ H₃ +2×ArH ortho to OH), 6.9-7.0 (4H, m, pyridine H₃, H₅ +2×ArH meta to OH) and 8.36 (2H, ca. d, J ca. 4.5 Hz pyridine H₂, H₆).

INTERMEDIATE 9

4-Methyl-3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde

n-BuLi (1.6M in hexanes) (2.2 mmol, 1.37 ml) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of N,N,N'-trimethylethylenediamine (2.4 mmol, 0.245 g) in THF at -78° C. A solution of 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde (2 mmol, 0.214 g) in THF was added and the mixture stirred for 15 min before adding a further portion of n-BuLi (1.6M in hexanes) (4 mmol, 2.5 ml). After stirring for 2 h at -70° C., iodomethane was added, the mixture stirred at RT for 30 min, then poured into aqueous NaCl solution, extracted twice with Et₂ O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to chromatography (SiO₂ ; Et₂ O) to afford the title compound as an oil.

INTERMEDIATE 10

(4-Methyl-3-phenylethenyl)pyridine

Benzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (mixture with sodium amide) (99 mmol, 4.96 g) was dissolved in THF at RT and stirred for 30 min. A red solution was obtained. Intermediate 9 (8.3 mmol, 1 g) in solution in THF was added, the reaction mixture stirred for 16 h then poured into aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, extracted twice with CH₂ Cl₂, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacua. The residue was subjected to chromatography (SiO₂ ;Et₂ O) to afford the title compound (1.5 g) as an oily compound.

INTERMEDIATE 11

(4-Methyl-3-phenylethyl)pyridine

A stirred solution of Intermediate 10 (1.8 g) in EtOH was hydrogenated using H₂ -Pd/C for 16 h. The title compound was obtained as an oil.

INTERMEDIATE 12

3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

The title compound was prepared as described in International Patent Specification No. WO 94/20455.

INTERMEDIATE 13

2-Bromo-4-methylpyridine

To an aqueous solution of 48% HBr (56.55ml, 520.64 mmol) was slowly added 2-amino-4-methylpyridine (10 g, 92.47 mmol) at below -5° C. Bromine (14 ml, 274 mmol) was then added dropwise whilst maintaining the temperature below 0° C., followed by careful addition of a solution of sodium nitrite (17.5 g, 254 mmol) in water (20 ml) to keep the temperature below 5° C. After stirring for lhr, a solution of NaOH (37 g, 940 mmol) in H₂ O (50 ml) was added at a temperature below 25° C. The reaction mixture was extracted with Et₂ O (3×75 ml), the combined layer was washed (brine), dried (MgSO₄) then evaporated to dryness to give a crude oil. Flash chromatography (SiO₂ ;hexane/Et₂ O, 50:50) afforded the title compound (10.2 g) as a yellow oil. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 2.45 (3H, s, ArCH₃), 7.00 (1H, d, pyridine H₅), 7.25 (1H, s, pyridine H₃), and 8.15 (1H, d, pyridine H₆). m/z 172 M+1), 174 (M+1).

INTERMEDIATE 14

2-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methylpyridine

To a cold (0° C.) suspension of sodium hydride (2 g, 50 mmol) in DMF (20 ml) was added dropwise cyclopentanol (4.99 ml, 55 mmol) and the solution allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 1 hr. Intermediate 13 (8.6 g, 49.67 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture heated at 80° C. for 2 hr. After cooling, H₂ O (100 ml) was added, the mixture extracted into Et₂ O (3×100 ml), washed (brine), dried (MgSO₄) then evaporated to dryness to give an orange oil. Chromatography (SiO₂ ; hexane/Et₂ O, 50:50) afforded the title compound (7.5 g) as an orange oil. m/z 179 (M+1). δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.5-2.0 (8H, m, (CH₂)₄), 2.25 (3H, s, CH₃), 5.35 (1H, m, OCH), 6.45 (1 H, s, pyridine H₂), 6.65 (1H, d, pyridine H₅), and 7.96 (1H, d, pyridine H₆).

EXAMPLE 1

a) (E) and (Z)isomers of 4-{2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl]ethenyl}pyridine

A mixture of Intermediate 5 (500 mg, 1.1 mmol) and tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium in DME (20 ml) was allowed to stir at RT for 0.5 h. Sodium carbonate solution (2M; 1.5 ml, 3.0 mmol) and 4-trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid (190 mg, 1.0 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture heated to reflux for 18 h. The mixture was cooled, partitioned between water (10 ml) and EtOAc (20 ml), and the organic layer separated and combined with further EtOAc portions (2×10 ml). The extract was washed with brine (15 ml), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to give a pale brown oil. The residue was subjected to chromatography (SiO₂ ; EtOAc-hexane, 1:1) to afford the title compound (410 mg) as a colourless oil. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.5-2.0 (8H, br m, (CH₂)₄), 3.86 and 3.89 (3H, s, OMe), 4.57 and 4.70 (1H, br m, OCH), 6.6-7.8 (14H, m, 2×C₆ H₄ +C₆ H₃ +pyridine H₃, H₅ +C═CH), and 8.3-8.45 (2H, m, pyridine H₂, H₆).

The following compound was prepared in a similar manner to the compound of Example 1a).

b) (E) and (Z) isomers of 4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4'-methyl-4-biphenyl)ethenyl]pyridine

From Intermediate 5 (0.40 g, 0.89 mmol), tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.051 g, 0.045 mmol) in DME (20 ml), sodium carbonate solution (2M, 1.49 ml, 2.7 mmol) and 4-methylbenzeneboronic acid (0.1151 g, 0.846 mmol). Chromatography (SiO₂ ; EtOAc-hexane, 1:1) afforded the title compound (0.311 g). δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.25 (1H, t), 1.5-1.75 (6H, m), 1.85 (2H, s), 2.4 (3H, s), 3.95 (3H, s), 6.4-6.9 (5H, m), 7.2-7.3 (3H, m), 7.5 (1H, m), 7.55-7.6 (3H, m), and 8.4 (2H, m).

EXAMPLE 2

a) (±)-4-{2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(4-trifluoromethyl phenyl)phenylethyl]}pyridinium formate

A mixture of the compound of Example 1 (380 mg) and 10% Pd/C (50 mg) in formic acid (5 ml) and EtOH (35 ml) was heated to reflux for 3 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite® and concentrated in vacuo to give a yellow oil which was subjected to chromatography (SiO₂ ; EtOAc-hexane, 1:1) to afford the title compound (190 mg) as a pale yellow solid. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.5-1.95 (8H, br m, (CH₂)₄), 3.57 (2H, d, J 7.9 Hz, CHCH₂), 3.80 (3H, s, OMe), 4.24 (1H, t, J 7.9 Hz, CHCH₂), 4.68 (1H, br m, OCH), 6.65-6.75 (2H, m, 2×ArH meta to OMe), 6.78 (1H, d, J 8.1 Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.29 (2H, d, J 8.2 Hz, 2×ArH meta to CF₃), 7.41 (2H, d, J 5.6 Hz, pyridine H₃,H₅), 7.53 (2H, d, 2×ArH ortho to CF₃), 7.63 (2H, d, J 8.8 Hz, 2×ArH of C₆ H₄ CF₃), 7.67 (2H, d, J 8.8 Hz, 2×ArH of C₆ H₄ CF₃), and 8.62 (2H, br d, J ca. 5 Hz, pyridine H₂, H₆); m/z (El) 517 (M⁺, 8%), 426 (15), 425 (48), 358 (20), 357 (100), 296 (22), and 69 (28).

The following compound was prepared in a manner similar to the compound of Example 2a).

b) (±)4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4'-methyl-4-biphenyl)ethyl]pyridine

From the compound of Example 1b) (0.311 g, 0.673 mmol) in 10% formic acid in EtOH (35 ml) and 10% Pd/C. Purification by HPLC (60-80% acetonitrile-water) afforded the title compound (0.23 g). δH (MeOH) 1.5-1.75 (9H, m), 2.3 (3H, s), 3.3 (2H, dd), 3.5 (2H, d), 3.65 (3H, s), 4.3 (1H t), 6.8 (3H, d), 7.2 (2H, d), 7.3 (2H, d), 7.35 (2H, d), 7.45 (2H, d), and 8.5 (2H, m). m/z (ES⁺) 464.2 (M+H⁺).

EXAMPLE 3

(R)-4-[2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl]pyridine

n-BuLi (1.6M solution in hexane) (27 ml, 43.0 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was added dropwise to a solution of ethanethiol (10.6 ml, 14.3 mmol, 5 equiv) in THF (300 ml) at ca -10° C. After 0.5 h, a solution of Intermediate 7 (20.6 g, 28.7 mmol) in THF (200 ml) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture allowed to stir at RT for 12.5 h. Water (10 ml) was added and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residual foam was dissolved in EtOH (100 ml) and aqueous sodium hydroxide (2M; 200 ml) and the mixture heated to reflux for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to ca 50° C. and treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid (37 ml) to pH 5 then heated to reflux for 0.75 h. The organic solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between aqueous NaOH solution (1.0M; 400 ml) and Et₂ O (400 ml). The organic layer was separated, combined with further Et₂ O volumes (3×100 ml), and the extract washed with aqueous NaOH solution (1.0M; 2×100 ml), then dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. The residual pale yellow gum was subjected to chromatography (SiO₂ ; hexane-Et₂ O, 7:3 to 100% Et₂ O) to afford the title compound (9.35 g) as a white solid (Found: C, 79.76; H, 6.98; N, 2.62. C₃₂ H₃₃ NO₃ requires C, 79.63; H, 7.11; N, 3.00%); δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.5.2.1 (8H, br m, (CH₂)₄), 3.27 (2H, d, J 7.8 Hz, CHCH₂), 3.79 (3H, s, OMe), 4.09 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz, CHCH₂), 4.63 (1 H, br m, OCH), 5.02 (2H, s, OCH₂), 6.64 (1 H, d, J 2.0 Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy), 6.67 (1H, dd, J 8.2, 2.0 Hz, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy), 6.74 (1H, d, J 8.2 Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.87 (2H, ca. d, J ca. 8.6 Hz, 2×ArH ortho to benzyloxy), 6.91 (2H, ca d, J ca 4.5 Hz, pyridine H₃, H₅), 7.08 (2H, ca. d ,J ca. 8.6 Hz, 2×ArH meta to benzyioxy), 7.3-7.5 (5H, m, C₆ H₅), and 8.38 (2H, dd, J 4.5, 1.5 Hz, pyridine H₂, H₆).

EXAMPLE 4

(R)4-{2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(4-nitrophenyloxy) phenyl]ethyl}pyridine

Potassium tert-butoxide (258 mg, 2.19 mmol) was added to a solution of Intermediate 8 (710 mg, 1.83 mmol) in DMF (25 ml) and DMPU (10 ml) and the mixture stirred at RT. After 0.5 h, 4-bromonitrobenzene (553 mg, 2.74 mmol) was added and the solution stirred overnight at RT. Water (100 ml) and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (2M; 20 ml) was added and the mixture extracted with Et₂ O (3×150 ml). The extract was washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1M; 2×30ml), water (2×100 ml), and brine (100 ml), then dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. The yellow residue was subjected to chromatography (SiO₂ ; Et₂ O) to afford the title compound (729 mg) as a pale yellow solid; δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.5-1.9 (8H, br m, (CH₂)₄), 3.32 (2H, d, 17.9 Hz, CHCH₂), 3.81 (3H, s, OMe), 4.18 (1H, t, J 7.9 Hz, CHCH₂), 4.67 (1H, br m, OCH), 6.66 (1H, d, J 2.0 Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy), 6.71 (1H, dd, J 8.2, 2.0 Hz, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy), 6.77 (1H, d, J 8.2 Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.9-7.05 (6H, m, CHC₆ H₄ +pyridine H₃, H₅), 7.2-7.3 (2H, m, ArH meta to NO₂), 8.15-8.25 (2H, m, ArH ortho to NO₂), and 8.42 (2H, dd, J 4.5,1.6 Hz, pyridine H₂, H₆).

EXAMPLE 5

(E) and (Z) isomers of 4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-ethenyl]-3-(phenylethyl)pyridine

A catalytic amount of tosic acid was added to a solution of compound of Example 10a) (1.8 g, 4.32 mmol) in toluene (150 ml) and the mixture heated to reflux in a Dean Stark equipment for 8 h. The reaction was cooled, poured into aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and extracted twice with CH₂ Cl₂. The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to chromatography to give the title compound (1.3 g) as a yellow solid. m.p. 78-80° C. (Found C, 81.44; H, 7.35; N, 3.62. C₂₇ H₂₉ NO₂ requires C, 81.17; H, 7.32; N, 3.51%). δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.6-2.0 (8H, br m, (CH₂)₄), 2.9-3.1 (4H, m, Ar(CH₂)₂), 3.81 (3H, s, OCH₃), 4.85 (1H, s, OCH), 6.9-7.4 (9H, m, ArH and CH═CH), 7.37 (1H, d, J 8 Hz, ArH), 8.37 (1H, s, H2 pyridine) and 8.42 (1H, d, J 5 Hz, H₆ -pyridine).

EXAMPLE 6

4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-(phenylethyl) pyridine.

The compound of Example 5 (800 mg, 2 mmol) was hydrogenated using the reagents and conditions described for obtaining Intermediate 11 from Intermediate 10. Purification by chromatography (Si₂ O; Et₂ O) gave the title compound (605 mg) as a colourless gum. (Found C, 80.82; H, 7.77; N, 3.54. C₂₇ H₃₁ NO₂ requires C, 80.76; H, 7.78; N, 3.49%). δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.5-1.9 (8H, m, (CH₂)₄), 3.27-3.29 (8H, m, alkyl H), 3.81 (3H, s, OCH₃), 4.67 (1H, m, OCH), 6.59 (1H, br s, ArH), 6.65 (1H, d, J 7 Hz, ArH), 6.78 (1H, d, J 7 Hz, ArH), 7.03 (1H, d, 5 Hz, H₅ pyridine), 7.1-7.4 (5H, m, C₆ H₅), and 8.3-8.4 (2H, m, H₂, H₆ pyridine).

EXAMPLE 7

4-[2-(S)-[4-(4-Aminophenyloxy)phenyl]-2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyridine dihydrochloride

A stirred solution of the compound of Example 4 (800 mg, 1.46 mmol) in EtOH (100 ml) was hydrogenated with 10% Pd/C (100 mg) under a hydrogen atmosphere for 24 h at RT. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite® and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow brown glass which was partitioned between aqueous 1M NaOH and EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂ SO₄) then concentrated in vacuo to give an oily solid. Chromatography (SiO₂ ; EtOAc-Et₂ O, 1:1) afforded the title compound free base (384.9 mg) as a near white solid. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.50-1.90 (8H, br m), 3.27 (2H, d, J 7.9 Hz), 3.79 (3H, s), 4.10 (1H, t, J 7.9 Hz), 4.65 (1 H, br m), 6.63-6.69 (4M, m), 6.75 (1H, d, J 8.2 Hz), 6.80-6.85 (4H, m), 6.93 (2H, dd, J 4.5, 1.5 Hz), 7.09 (2H, dd, J 6.5, 2.0 Hz), and 8.38 (2H, dd, J 7.4, 1.5 Hz).

The free base (384.9 mg, 0.801 mmol) in Et₂ O (50ml) was treated with 1.0M HCl in Et₂ O (1.76 ml) at RT. The resulting oily precipitate was dissolved by the addition of EtOH and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was suspended in Et₂ O and the solvent removed in vacuo to give a very pale buff solid. Recrystallisation (THF-EtOH) afforded the title compound as a very pale buff highly hygroscopic solid. δ_(H) (CD₃ OD) 1.5-1.9 (8H, m), 3.72 (2H, m (overlap)), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.46 (1H, t, J 8.2 Hz), 4.75 (1H, m), 6.81 (1H, s), 6.84 (1H, s), 6.85 (1H, s), 6.97 (2H, dd, J 6.6, 2.0 Hz), 7.06 (2H, dd, J 6.75, 2.3 Hz), 7.30-7.40 (4H, m), 7.87 (2H, d, J 6.6 Hz) and 8.634 (2H, d, J 6.45 Hz). m/z (EI⁺) 480 (M⁺).

EXAMPLE 8

a) 4-[2-(S)-[4-(4-Acetamidophenyloxy]phenyl]-2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl}pyridine hydrochloride

A solution of the free base of compound of Example 7 (322 mg, 0.67 mmol) in pyridine (10 ml) was heated with acetic anhydride (126 μl) and the mixture stirred at RT for 24 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue azeotroped twice with toluene and partitioned between aqueous NaOH (pH 13) and EtOAc. The aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layer dried (Na₂ SO₄) then concentrated in vacuo to give an off-white glass. Chromatography (SiO₂ ; EtOAc) afforded the title compound free base (303.6 mg) as an off-white glass.

Treatment of the free base (303.6 mg) in EtOH-Et₂ O (30 ml; 1:2) with 1.0M HCl in Et₂ O (0.62 ml) as described for the compound of Example 7 followed by the recrystallisation (THF-Et₂ O) afforded the title compound as an off-white amorphous solid (highly hygroscopic). δ_(H) (CD₃ OD) 1.50-1.90 (8H, br m), 2.11 (3H, s), 3.67 (2H, d, J 8.3 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.40 (1H, t, J 8.3 Hz), 4.73 (1H, br m), 6.79 (1H, s), 6.83 (1H, s), 6.84 (1H, s), 6.85-6.95 (4H, m), 7.28 (2H, d, (fine split), J 8.5 Hz), 7.50 (2H, dd, J 6.9, 2.3 Hz), 7.80 (2H, d, J 6.4 Hz), and 8.60 (2H, d, J 5.9 Hz).

The following compound was prepared in a manner similar to compound of Example 8a).

b) 4-{2-(S)-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(4--N', N'-dimethylaminosulphonylaminophenyl)phenyloxy]ethyl}pyridyl hydrochloride

From the compound of Example 7 (250 mg, 0.52 mmol) in pyridine (15 ml) and dimethylsulphamoyl chloride (112 μl, 1.04 mmol). Chromatography (SiO₂ ; EtOAc-Et₂ O, 1:2) afforded the title compound free base (188.1 mg) as an off-white glass. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.50-1.90 (8H, br m), 2.84 (6H, s), 3.29 (2H, t, J 7.9 Hz), 3.80 (3H, s), 4.13 (1H, t, J 7.9 Hz), 4.66 (1H, br m), 6.68 (1H, dd, 18.2, 2.0 Hz), 6.76 (1H, d, J 8.2 Hz), 6.80-6.95 (6H, m), 7.14 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 7.16 (2H, d, J 8.9 Hz), and 8.40 (2H, d, J 6.0 Hz).

Treatment of the free base (259.1 mg, 0.44 mmol) in EtOH-Et₂ O(40 ml, 1:1) with aqueous 1.0M HCl in Et₂ O (0.5 ml) followed by recrystallisation (THF-Et₂ O) afforded the title compound as an highly hygroscopic off-white solid, m/z (ES⁺) M⁺ +H 558. δ_(H) (CD₃ OD) 1.50-1.90 (8H, br m), 2.77 (6H, s), 3.38 (2H, d, J 8.1 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.26 (1H, t, J 8.1 Hz), 4.70 (1H, m), 6.74 (1H, d, J 1.9 Hz), 6.75-6.89 (6H, m), 7.10-7.30 (6H, m), and 8.29 (2H, dd, J 6, 1.5 Hz).

EXAMPLE 9

4-{2(S)-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(4-methylsulphonylaminophenyl)phenyloxy]ethyl}pyridine hydrochloride

A solution of the free base of compound of Example 7 (0.3667 g, 0.6 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine (264 μl, 0.24 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂ Cl₂ (15 ml) was heated with metanesulphonylchloride (93 μl, 1.2 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 24 h. The crude mixture was partitioned between water and EtOAc and the aqueous layer further extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with aqueous 0.5M NaOH and brine, dried (Na₂ SO₄) then concentrated in vacuo to give a pale brown glass. Chromatography (SiO₂ ; EtOAc-Et₂ O, 2:1) afforded the title compound free base (230 mg) as an off-white glassy solid. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.50-1.90 (8H, br m), 2.98 (3H, s), 3.29 (2H, d, J 7.9 Hz), 3.80 (3H, s), 4.14 (1 H, t, J 7.9 Hz), 4.68 (1H, m), 6.65 (1H, d, J 2.0 Hz), 6.68 (1 H, dd, J 8.2, 2.0 Hz), 6.77 (1H, d, J 8.2 Hz), 6.8-7.0 (6H, m), 7.15 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 7.20 (2H, d, J 8.9 Hz), and 8.40 (2H, d, J 4.5, 1.5 Hz).

The salt was obtained using the procedure described for the compound of Example 7. From a solution of the free base (224.8 mg, 0.4024 mmol) in Et₂ O-EtOH (40 ml, 3:1) and aqueous 1.0M HCl in Et₂ O (0.44 ml). Chromatography (SiO₂ ; CH₂ Cl₂ -5% MeOH) afforded a colourless glass which was recrystallised (THF-Et₂ O) to give the title compound as a very hygroscopic off-white solid. m/z (EI⁺) 550 (M⁺).

EXAMPLE 10

a) (±) 4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxymethyl]-3-phenylethylpyridine

n-BuLi (1.6M in hexanes) (8.03 mmol, 5.02 ml) was added dropwise to a solution of Intermediate 11 (1.45 g, 7.3 mmol) in THF and the mixture stirred for 30 min before adding a solution of Intermediate 12 (1.77 g, 8.03 mmol) in THF. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at -78° C., allowed to warm to RT, poured into aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, extracted twice with CH₂ Cl₂, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to chromatography (SiO₂ ;EtOAc) to give the title compound (2.3 g) as an off-white solid.

The following compound was prepared in a manner similar to compound of Example 10a).

b) [2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-pyrid-4-yl)-1-pyrid-4-yl]ethanol

From Intermediate 14 (1 g, 5.61 mmol) in THF (10 ml) under N₂, n-BuLi (1.6M) (3.5 ml) pyridine-4-carboxaldehyde (534 μl, 5.61 mmol). Chromatography (SiO₂ ; Et₂ O) afforded the title compound (550 mg) as a yellow oil. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.5-2.0 (8H, m, (CH₂)₄), 2.9 (2H, m, CH₂ --CHOH), 4.93 (1H, t, CHOH), 5.37 (1H, m, OCH), 6.51 (1H, s, pyridine H'₃), 6.65 (1H, d, pyridine H'₅), 7.24 (2H, d, pyridine H₃, H₅), 8.2 (1H, d, pyridine H'₅), and 8.51 (2H, d, pyridine H₂, H₆).

The activity and selectivity of compounds according to the invention was demonstrated in the following tests. In these tests the abbreviation FMLP represents the peptide N-formyl-met-leu-phe.

1. Isolated Enzyme

The potency and selectivity of the compounds of the invention was determined using distinct PDE isoenzymes as follows:

i. PDE I, rabbit heart

ii. PDE II, rabbit heart

iii. PDE III, rabbit heart, Jurkat cells

iv. PDE IV, HL60 cells, rabbit brain, rabbit kidney and human recombinant PDE IV

v. PDE V, rabbit lung, guinea pig lung.

A gene encoding human PDE IV has been cloned from human monocytes (Livi, et al., 1990, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 10, 2678). Using similar procedures we have cloned human PDE IV genes from a number of sources including eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, brain and neuronal tissues. These genes have been transfected into yeast using an inducible vector and various recombinant proteins have been expressed which have the biochemical characteristics of PDE IV (Beavo and Reifsnyder, 1990, TIPS, 11, 150). These recombinant enzymes, particularly the human eosinophil recombinant PDE IV, have been used as the basis of a screen for potent, selective PDE IV inhibitors.

The enzymes were purified to isoenzyme homogeneity using standard chromatographic techniques.

Phosphodiesterase activity was assayed as follows. The reaction was conducted in 150 μl of standard mixture containing (final concentrations): 50 mM 2-[[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino]-1-ethanesulphonic acid (TES) --NaOH buffer (pH 7.5), 10 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 μM [³ H]-cAMP and vehicle or various concentrations of the test compounds. The reaction was initiated by addition of enzyme and conducted at 30° C. for between 5 to 30 min. The reaction was terminated by addition of 50 μl 2% trifluoroacetic acid containing [¹⁴ C]-5'AMP for determining recovery of the product. An aliquot of the sample was then applied to a column of neutral alumina and the [³ H]-cAMP eluted with 10 ml 0.1 TES-NaOH buffer (pH8). The [³ H]-5'-AMP product was eluted with 2 ml 2M NaOH into a scintillation vial containing 10 ml of scintillation cocktail. Recovery of [³ H]-5'AMP was determined using the [¹⁴ C]-5'AMP and all assays were conducted in the linear range of the reaction.

Compounds according to the invention such as compounds of the Examples herein cause a concentration-dependent inhibition of recombinant PDE IV at 0.1-1000 nM with little or no activity against PDE I, II, III or V at concentrations up to 100 μM.

2. The Elevation of cAMP in Leukocytes

The effect of compounds of the invention on intracellular cAMP was investigated using human neutrophils or guinea pig eosinophils. Human neutrophils were separated from peripheral blood, incubated with dihydrocytochalasin B and the test compound for 10 min and then stimulated with FMLP. Guinea pig eosinophils were harvested by peritoneal lavage of animals previously treated with intra- peritoneal injections of human serum. Eosinophils were separated from the peritoneal exudate and incubated with isoprenaline and test compound. With both cell types, suspensions were centrifuged at the end of the incubation, the cell pellets were resuspended in buffer and boiled for 10 min prior to measurement of cAMP by specific radioimmunoassay (DuPont).

The most potent compounds according to the Examples induced a concentration -dependent elevation of cAMP in neutrophils and/or eosinophils at concentrations of 0.1 nM to 1 μM.

3. Suppression of Leukocyte Function

Compounds of the invention were investigated for their effects on superoxide generation, chemotaxis and adhesion of neutrophils and eosinophils. Isolated leukocytes were incubated with dihydrocytochalasin B for superoxide generation only and test compound prior to stimulation with FMLP. The most potent compounds of the Examples caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of superoxide generation, chemotaxis and adhesion at concentrations of 0.1 nM to 1 μM.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synthesis of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) is inhibited by compounds of the Examples at concentrations of 0.01 nM to 10 μM.

4. Adverse Effects

In general, in our tests, compounds of the invention have had no observed toxic effects when administered to animals at pharmacologically effect doses. 

We claim:
 1. A compound of formula (1) ##STR21## wherein L is --XR;Z is a group (A) or (B): ##STR22## X is --O--, --S(O)_(m) -- or --N(R^(b))--, where m is zero or an integer 1 or 2; R^(b) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl group; R is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group; R³ is hydrogen, fluorine, hydroxy or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group; R⁴ is hydrogen, --(CH₂)_(t) Ar or --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar', where t is zero or an integer 1, 2 or 3 and n is zero or an integer 1; R⁵ is --(CH₂)_(t) Ar or --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar'; R⁶ is hydrogen, fluorine, or an optionally substituted alkyl group; R⁷ is hydrogen, fluorine, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group, or --OR^(c), where R^(c) is hydrogen, formyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, carboxamido, thiocarboxamido or an optionally substituted alkyl or alkenyl group; L¹ is a divalent linking group; Ar is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl group, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen atoms; Ar' is Ar, --COAr, --SO₂ Ar, --SO₂ NHAr, --SO₂ NAlk¹ Ar, --SO₂ N(Ar)₂, --CONHAr, --CONAlk¹ Ar, --CON(Ar)₂, --NAlk¹ SO₂ Ar, --NHSO₂ Ar, --N(SO₂ Ar)₂, --NHSO₂ NHAr, --NAlk¹ SO₂ NHAr, --NHSO₂ NAlk¹ Ar, --NAlk¹ SO₂ NAlk¹ Ar, --NHSO₂ N(Ar)₂, --NAlk¹ SO₂ N(Ar)₂, --NHCOAr, --NAlk¹ COAr, --N(COAr)₂, --NHCONHAr, --NAlk¹ CONHAr, --NHCONAlk¹ Ar, --NAlk¹ CONAlk¹ Ar, --NHCO₂ Ar, --NAlk¹ CO₂ Ar, --CSNHAr, --CSNAlk¹ Ar, --CSNAlk¹ Ar, --CSN(Ar)₂, --NHCSAr, --NAlk¹ CSAr, --N(CSAr)₂, --NHCSNHAr, --NAlk¹ CSNHAr, --NHCSNAlk¹ Ar, --NAlk¹ CSNAlk¹ Ar, --SO₂ NHet, --CONHet, --CSNHet, --NHSO₂ NHet, --NHCONHet, --NHCSNHet, --SO₂ NH(Het'), --CONH(Het'), --CSNH(Het'), --NHSO₂ NH(Het'), --NHCONH(Het') or --NHCSNH(Het'); Alk¹ is a straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene or C₂₋₆ alkynylene chain optionally interrupted by one, two or three --O-- or --S-- atoms or --S(O)p-- or --N(R^(b))-- groups, where p is an integer 1 or 2; NHet is an optionally substituted C₅₋₇ heterocyclic amino group optionally containing one or more additional --O-- or --S-- atoms or --N(R^(b))--, --CO-- or --CS-- groups; Het' is an optionally substituted C₅₋₇ monocyclic carbocyclic group optionally containing one or more --O-- or --S-- atoms or --N(R^(b))-- groups; and the salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof;with the proviso that when Z is (A), X is --O--, R₃, R₄, R₆ and R₇ are hydrogen, R⁵ is --(CH₂)_(t) Ar, and Ar is unsubstituted phenyl, unsubstituted pyridyl or pyridyl substituted with methoxy, then R is other than methyl or benzyl.
 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Z is a group (A), R³, R⁶ and R⁷ is each a hydrogen atom, R⁴ is a group --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar' and R⁵ is a group --(CH₂)_(t) Ar.
 3. A compound according to claim 2 wherein Ar in R⁴ is an optionally substituted phenyl group and Ar in R⁵ is an optionally substituted pyridyl group.
 4. A compound according to claim 3 wherein R⁴ is a group --Ar--Ar, --Ar--O--Ar, --Ar--CH₂ --Ar, --Ar--(CH₂)₂ Ar, --Ar--NHC(O)NHAr, --Ar-- CH₂ NHC(O)NHAr, --Ar--COAr, --Ar--CH₂ COAr, --Ar--NHSO₂ NHAr, --Ar-- CH₂ NHSO₂ NHAr, --Ar--NHSO₂ Ar, --Ar--CH₂ NHSO₂ Ar, --Ar-- NCH₃ C(O)NHAr, --Ar--CH₂ NCH₃ C(O)NHAr, --Ar--NCH₃ SO₂ NHAr or --Ar--CH₂ NCH₃ SO₂ NHAr groups.
 5. A compound according to claim 4 wherein R⁵ is an optionally substituted pyridyl group.
 6. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Z is a group B, R⁴ and R⁶ is each a hydrogen atom and R⁵ is a --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar' group.
 7. A compound according to claim 6 wherein R⁵ is an --Ar--(L¹)_(n) Ar' group.
 8. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Z is a group (A), R³, R⁴ and R⁶ are hydrogen, R⁷ is --OR^(c) and R⁵ is --(CH₂)_(t) Ar.
 9. A compound according to claim 8 wherein R^(c) is hydrogen and Ar in R⁵ is an optionally substituted pyridyl group.
 10. A compound according to claim 9 wherein R⁵ is an optionally substituted pyridyl group.
 11. A compound according to claim 10 which is [2-(3-cyclopentyloxypyrid-4-yl)-1-pyrid-4-yl]ethanol; and the resolved enantiomers, salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof.
 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (1) ##STR23## wherein L is --XR;Z is a group (A) or (B): ##STR24## X is --O--, --S(O)_(m) -- or --N(R^(b))--, where m is zero or an integer 1 or 2; R^(b) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl group; R is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group; R³ is hydrogen, fluorine, hydroxy or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group; R⁴ is hydrogen, --(CH₂)_(t) Ar or --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar', where t is zero or an integer 1, 2 or 3 and n is zero or an integer 1; R⁵ is --(CH₂)_(t) Ar or --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar'; R⁶ is hydrogen, fluorine, or an optionally substituted alkyl group; R⁷ is hydrogen, fluorine, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group, or --OR^(c), where R^(c) is hydrogen, formyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, carboxamido, thiocarboxamido or an optionally substituted alkyl or alkenyl group; L¹ is a divalent linking group; Ar is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl group, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen atoms; Ar' is Ar, --COAr, --SO₂ Ar, --SO₂ NHAr, --SO₂ NAlk¹ Ar, --SO₂ N(Ar)₂, --CONHAr, --CONAlk¹ Ar, --CON(Ar)₂, --NAlk¹ SO₂ Ar, --NHSO₂ Ar, --N(SO₂ Ar)₂, --NHSO₂ NHAr, --NAlk¹ SO₂ NHAr, --NHSO₂ NAlk¹ Ar, --NAlk¹ SO₂ NAlk¹ Ar, --NHSO₂ N(Ar)₂, --NAlk¹ SO₂ N(Ar)₂, --NHCOAr, --NAlk¹ COAr, --N(COAr)₂, --NHCONHAr, --NAlk¹ CONHAr, --NHCONAlk¹ Ar, --NAlk¹ CONAlk¹ Ar, --NHCO₂ Ar, --NAlk¹ CO₂ Ar, --CSNHAr, --CSNAlk¹ Ar, --CSNAlk¹ Ar, --CSN(Ar)₂, --NHCSAr, --NAlk¹ CSAr, --N(CSAr)₂, --NHCSNHAr, --NAlk¹ CSNHAr, --NHCSNAlk¹ Ar, --NAlk¹ CSNAlk¹ Ar, --SO₂ NHet, --CONHet, --CSNHet, --NHSO₂ NHet, --NHCONHet, --NHCSNHet, --SO₂ NH(Het'), --CONH(Het'), --CSNH(Het'), --NHSO₂ NH(Het'), --NHCONH(Het') or --NHCSNH(Het'); Alk¹ is a straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkcnylcne or C₂₋₆ alkynylene chain optionally interrupted by one, two or three --O-- or --S-- atoms or --S(O)_(p) -- or --N(R^(b))-- groups, where p is an integer 1 or 2; NHet is an optionally substituted C₅₋₇ heterocyclic amino group optionally containing one or more additional --O-- or --S-- atoms or --N(R^(b))--, --CO-- or --CS-- groups; Het' is an optionally substituted C₅₋₇ monocyclic carbocyclic group optionally containing one or more --O-- or --S-- atoms or --N(R^(b))-- groups; and the salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof; with the proviso that when Z is (A), X is --O--, R₃, R₄, R₆ and R₇ are hydrogen, R⁵ is --(CH₂)_(t) Ar, and Ar is unsubstituted phenyl, unsubstituted pyridyl or pyridyl substituted with methoxy, then R is other than methyl or benzyl; together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents.
 13. A method of preventing or treating an inflammatory disease in a patient comprising administering to the patient, in an amount effective to elevate intracellular levels of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), a composition which comprises a selective inhibitor of a phosphodiesterase (PDE) IV isoenzyme selected from a compound according to claim 12 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.
 14. A method according to claim 13 wherein said inflammatory disease is asthma.
 15. A method according to claim 13 wherein said inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory airway disease, chronic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, cellular proliferative disorders, endotoxic shock, septic shock, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, reperfusion injuries, inflammatory arthritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, atopic dermatitis urticaria, adult respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes insipidus, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, arterial restenosis and atherosclerosis.
 16. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (1) ##STR25## wherein L is --XR;Z is a group (A) or (B): ##STR26## X is --O--, --S(O)_(m) -- or --N(R^(b))--, where m is zero or an integer 1 or 2; R^(b) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl group; R is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group; R³ is hydrogen, fluorine, hydroxy or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group; R⁴ is hydrogen, --(CH₂)_(t) Ar or --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar', where t is zero or an integer 1, 2 or 3 and n is zero or an integer 1; R⁵ is --(CH₂)_(t) Ar or --(CH₂)_(t) --Ar--(L¹)_(n) --Ar'; R⁶ is hydrogen, fluorine, or an optionally substituted alkyl group; R⁷ is hydrogen, fluorine, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group, or --OR^(c), where R^(c) is hydrogen, formyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, carboxamido, thiocarboxamido or an optionally substituted alkyl or alkenyl group; L¹ is a divalent linking group; Ar is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl group, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen atoms; Ar' is Ar, --COAr, --SO₂ Ar, --SO₂ NHAr, --SO₂ NAlk¹ Ar, --SO₂ N(Ar)₂, --CONHAr, --CONAlk¹ Ar, --CON(Ar)₂, --NAlk¹ SO₂ Ar, --NHSO₂ Ar, --N(SO₂ Ar)₂, --NHSO₂ NHAr, --NAlk¹ SO₂ NHAr, --NHSO₂ NAlk¹ Ar, --NAlk¹ SO₂ NAlk¹ Ar, --NHSO₂ N(Ar)₂, --NAlk¹ SO₂ N(Ar)₂, --NHCOAr, --NAlk¹ COAr, --N(COAr)₂, --NHCONHAr, --NAlk¹ CONHAr, --NHCONAlk¹ Ar, --NAlk¹ CONAlk¹ Ar, --NHCO₂ Ar, --NAlk¹ CO₂ Ar, --CSNHAr, --CSNAlk¹ Ar, --CSNAlk¹ Ar, --CSN(Ar)₂, --NHCSAr, --NAlk¹ CSAr, --N(CSAr)₂, --NHCSNHAr, --NAlk¹ CSNHAr, --NHCSNAlk¹ Ar, --NAlk¹ CSNAlk¹ Ar, --SO₂ NHet, --CONHet, --CSNHet, --NHSO₂ NHet, --NHCONHet, --NHCSNHet, --SO₂ NH(Het'), --CONH(Het'), --CSNH(Het'), --NHSO₂ NH(Het'), --NHCONH(Het') or --NHCSNH(Het'); Alk¹ is a straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene or C₂₋₆ alkynylene chain optionally interrupted by one, two or three --O-- or --S-- atoms or --S(O)_(p) -- or --N(R^(b))-- groups, where p is an integer 1 or 2; NHet is an optionally substituted C₅₋₇ heterocyclic amino group optionally containing one or more additional --O-- or --S-- atoms or --N(R^(b))--, --CO-- or --CS-- groups; Het' is an optionally substituted C₅₋₇ Monocyclic carbocyclic group optionally containing one or more --O-- or --S-- atoms or --N(R^(b)) groups; and the salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof; which comprises in a final step:(a) reacting a compound of formula (10) ##STR27## with a phosphate ester (R'O)(OR")P(O)CH(R⁵)(R⁶) to give a compound of formula (1), where Z is a group (B) and R' and R", which may be the same or different, are each alkyl or aralkyl; (b) coupling a compound of formula (12) ##STR28## wherein (i) Z¹ is as defined for Z in formula (1) except that at least one of R⁴ and R⁵ is a group --(CH₂)_(t) ArE, where E is a boronic acid --B(OH)₂ or a tin reagent Sn(R¹⁵)₃ in which R¹⁵ is an alkyl group;with a reagent Ar'--(L¹)_(n) --L², wherein L² is a leaving group, in the presence of a complex metal catalyst to give a compound of formula (1) wherein at least one of R⁴ and R⁵ is a --(CH₂)_(n) --Ar--(L₁)_(n) --Ar' group; or (ii) Z¹ is as defined for Z in formula (1) except that at least one of R⁴ and R⁵ is a group --(CH₂)_(t) ArX^(a) H;with a reagent Ar'(Alk⁵)_(t) L¹ to give a compound of formula (1) wherein at least one of R⁴ and R⁵ is a group --(CH₂)_(t) ArL¹ Ar' in which L¹ is --X^(a) (Alk⁵)_(t) --, wherein X^(a) is --O--, --S--, --S(O)--, --S(O)₂ -- or --N(R^(b))-- and Alk⁵ is a straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene or C₂₋₆ alkynylene chain optionally interrupted by one, two or three --O-- or --S-- atoms or --S(O)--, --S(O)₂ -- or --N(R^(b))-- groups; (c) reacting a compound of fonnula (14) ##STR29## with a reagent R⁵ C(O)R⁶ to give a compound of formula (1), where R⁷ is a hydroxyl group; or (d) interconverting a compound of formula (1) to give another compound of formula (1). 